The Use Of Hippocampal Neurons On Memory - 3163 Words

Abstract: Optogenetics has been used to show that activating a specific ensemble of hippocampal neurons that contribute to a memory engram can erase or even alter a memory. The purpose of the study was to use optogenetics and the addition of an external stimuli to try and create a false memory. Neurons of mice were labeled with a light-sensitive channel during the exploration of a safe room. Mice were then placed in a new room and given foot shocks while simultaneously using light pulses to activate the neurons that had been previously labeled in the safe room. After being placed back into the safe room, mice exhibited freezing responses. A false memory of fear was created in these mice as they demonstrated freezing behavior in the room in which they had not been shocked. Multiple methods have been used to manipulate neuronal pathways, and the fact that so many different methods already exist suggest a bright future for the discovery of a method that can be beneficial to humans. Unde rstanding how the hippocampus functions is essential to understanding how psychological diseases affect memory, and this procedure has the potential to be a type of treatment. This study demonstrates how unreliable memories are, and how the complete manipulation of one can be accomplished simply by activating a specific neuronal population. Introduction: A major goal in neuroscience is to noninvasively, safely, and precisely be able to control specific neuronal populations. ThisShow MoreRelatedDo Glial Cells Make You Clever?1500 Words   |  6 Pagestransplanted into mice, significantly enhanced learning behaviour, spatial learning, memory and discrimination; Han, et al, 2012 showed that activation of cannabinoid receptors on astroglia had a negative effect on spatial working memory (SWM) leading to long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus in response to exogenous cannabinoids, contributing to t marijuana’s effect on memory more than neurons; Lee, et al., 2014 demonstrated that normal information processing and cognitiveRead MoreSleep : Memory And Memory1694 Words   |  7 PagesEnhances Memory When the brain first encounters an idea, thought, image, experience, or action it works to form or encode a memory. There are many different kinds of memories that can be formed. Each must be consolidated in order to remain a stable memory. All five stages of sleep support some phase of learning and memory (Poe, Walsh, Bjorness, 2010). This article discusses the different types of memory, stages of sleep, and what occurs that potentially strengthens memory while sleeping. Memory SensoryRead MoreEffects Of Aging On The Elderly Population888 Words   |  4 Pagesmediating memory consolidation, spatial navigation, and to some extent learning (Kolb and Whishaw, 2013). It is particularly impaired in old individuals and the focus of numerous experiments aimed at delaying degeneration or alternatively enhancing neurogenesis. This limbic structure is readily influenced by the stress response, namely the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis (Kolb and Whishaw, 2013). Aged individuals tend to exhibit elevated levels of corticosteroids, which promote hippocampal deteriorationRead MoreEssay on The Neurobiology of Memory and Aging1680 Words   |  7 PagesThe Neurobiology of Memory and Aging I lost my keys again, my mother exclaimed at dinner a few nights ago, I really am getting old. This use of old age as a justification for memory deficits is extremely common. Many people relate old age with loss of memory and other neurobiological functions. Why is it that aging seems to go hand in hand with losing and forgetting things? Is there a neurobiological explanation for this phenomenon? It is clear to neurobiologists that agingRead More The Dangers of Marijuana Essay2015 Words   |  9 Pageseffects has been found, including difficulty in motor coordination and impairment of learning, attention, and memory (Murray 1985). Although there are a large number of studies and evidence showing the acute effects of marijuana on memory, studies on the long-term effects on memory is sparse. In this paper, my objective is to determine potential chronic effects of marijuana on memory. I do this by selectively reviewing studies on this topic and attempt to integrate the findings, which range fromRead MoreMemories Are Highly Complex, Overly Malleable, And Immensely Mistaken1426 Words   |  6 PagesSaipriya Sagiraju Psych 392A-Section 7 Ben Pawlish November 16, 2015 Title Memories are highly complex, overly malleable, and immensely mistaken. Thesis: Children are un trust worthy because of this, this, and this. Main ideas Form childhood, people are raised knowing that lying to cover up their mistakes is unacceptable, and that they should always tell the truth. However, when children start attending school they also start developing white lies due to â€Å"anti- and pro social purposes.† ThisRead MoreHow Does The Hippocampus Plays A Vital Role? Memory Retrieval?1306 Words   |  6 Pagesct There is extensive evidence to prove that the hippocampus plays a vital role in memory retrieval. However the extent to what type of memories the hippocampus supports and the process in which retrieval occurs is an ongoing debate. The two theories that are dominant in this debate are the Standard Model of Systems Consolidation (SMSC) and the Multiple Trace Theory (MTT). This paper will provide a review on the evidence supporting these two composing theories, the research providing evidence againstRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography : Memory Manipulation1627 Words   |  7 PagesMemory Manipulation: Molecular Engram Modification for the Forgotten Millions of people on this Earth struggle daily with diseases that lie out of their control. Some with the involuntary and gradual amnesia of loved ones, others with memories that plague and haunt them on the loneliest of nights, and more. These issues are ironically forgotten those unaffected, and all stem from the same place- the brain’s memory engram cells. Engram cells are encoded neural tissue that provides a trace of memoryRead MoreThe Function Of Sleep Behavior1420 Words   |  6 Pagesand Born, 2013). Recent work in the field suggests slow-wave sleep may fulfill another critical role in the consolidation of memory. Improvements in in vivo electrical recording and information storage and the rise cellular imaging techniques have provided new insight to the function of sleep and how it pertains to the storage of memories. The formation and upkeep of memories is vital to the fitness of an animal. Without records of past experiences and skills, organisms are not capable of readilyRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease ( Ad )1172 Words   |  5 Pagesdegeneration of the hippocampal and cortical neurons of the brain – causing memory impairment and a decline in cognitive abilities. The current study by Ghoneim et al.1 focuses on the role of three proteins in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s. Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling is important for development and maintenance of normal neuronal circuits in the brain. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is expressed by astrocytes in the central nervous system in response to neuron damage. Ki-67