The And Its Effects On The Human Brain - 2023 Words

Introduction Over the last hundred years much was learned about the localisation of function in the human brain than ever before. Gall and his followers through the trials of phrenology started investigating the functions of the brain but soon that was replaced by the by solid neuroscientific evidence from experiments in other animals (Kringebach Rolls, 2004). However, even with the the evolution of human neuroimaging over the last 15–20 years, still some researchers use this technique in a way that resembles a kind of modern-day phrenology (Kringebach Rolls, 2004). Furthermore, it is of vital importance to be aware of the fact that these interesting pictures of the brain can potentially mislead us if not interpreting them based on the wealth of scientific evidence gained by diverse and various methods from both humans and other animals(Kringebach Rolls, 2004). According to Cavada Schzult’s (2004) orbitofrontal cortex is one of the least explored and least understood regions of the primate cerebral cortex, a part of the frontal lobe that lies on the top of the orbit. Classic clinical evidence proposes that the orbitofrontal cortex is engaged in critical human operations, such as social integration and the regulation of emotional states, drive and responsibility, and generally traits that are vital in shaping the ‘personality’ of an individual. Kringebach and Rolls (2004) argues that the orbitofrontal cortex can be used in various ways as a good model of howShow MoreRelatedThe Brain And Its Effects On Human Brain1675 Words   |  7 Pages The brain has four main structures; the Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Limbic System, and the Brain Stem. The Cerebrum, also known as the Cerebral Cortex, is the largest part of the human brain. It is divided into four parts that are called â€Å"lobes†: there s the frontal lobe which is linked with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, emotions, and problem solving- the parietal lobe which is linked to movement, orientation, and recognitions- the occipital lobe which is linked to visual processing like objectRead MoreThe Brain And Its Effects On Human Brain1344 Words   |  6 Pagesresolutions that the human brain achieves when interpreting sound, unknown scientific truths and developments of society can be exposed through various examinations of auditory data in conjunction with traditional visual data. Following an advanced series of steps, the brain transforms sound waves into interpretable information. Once the sound wave has passed the eardrum and reaches the inner ear, the behavior of the wave is converted into electrical signals that are sent to the brain. The spiral-shapedRead MoreThe Effects Of Aggression On The Human Brain1084 Words   |  5 Pagesthe mouse brain, but this process is Recently, optigenetic techniques have given us a deeper understanding of the genetics which underlies the aggression. now aided by a more genetic understanding of cell receptor Esr1’s role. The mouse hypothalamus has been identified as a key player in aggression, and a receptor Esr1(WRITE OUT IN FULL) acts as a switch to control aggression. In this paper, Here we review these new developments and their impact on the study of aggression in the mouse brain. In additionRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol On The Human Brain793 Words   |  4 Pageshave been around for several years, but recent st udies show, and have shown alcohol has more of a negative effect on the human brain, and body overall, than marijuana, while other activities, that are not considered as addictive, can have the same addictive features, and more dire consequences. Unlike the temporary effects of marijuana, Alcohol can have very consequential long term effect Alcoholic fatty liver, Alcoholic hepatitis, Alcoholic fibrosis and sclerosis of liver, Alcoholic cirrhosisRead MoreEssay on Effect of Alcohol on the Human Brain1953 Words   |  8 PagesEffect of Alcohol on the Human Brain http://www.alcoholism.tqn.com/library/weekly/aa022697.htm?pid=2750cob=home. Whether a crime was committed intentionally or unintentionally has great bearing on the decision of a jury in finding a person guilty of a crime and/or on the judges choice of punishment. You might have heard of husbands apologizing to their wives the day after theyve beaten them. Their apology might sound something like, Im so sorry. I did not mean to hurt you, I swear! DoesRead MoreThe Effects Of Caffeine On Human Brain And Body1825 Words   |  8 PagesCaffeine is a drug that has been studied for many years to learn more about how it effects the human brain and body. There have been many answers and yet there are still more answers to be found as scientists today continue to understand the effects of caffeine. We will look what parts of the brain involve sleep, how caffeine effects the brain and the body and try to determine if caffeine is a serious health threat or not. Adenosine also known as ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate which accordingRead MoreHow Music Has An Effect On The Human Brain1561 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch and wrote about their findings as it relates to how and why music has an effect on the human brain, in an article entitled How and Why Does Music Move Us?: Answers from Psychology and Neuroscience. In the article they go over the technique used to examine the brain’s interconnectivity as people listen to music. This technique is called Network Science. They write, Researchers have discovered which parts of the brain are active during a variety of musical tasks, such as listening to or performingRead MoreThe Effects of Social Media on Human Brain and Behavior1386 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Social Media on Human Brain and Behavior The influence of rapidly growing social media, television, and the internet has taken the world by storm in recent years. Its fascinating development over the years is nothing short of remarkable when you take into account that 20 years ago, only 16 million people in the world were online, compared to the 2 billion that roam on the internet now. Modern communications technology has now become so familiar and utterly banal, yet there isRead MoreThe Human Brain And Its Effects On Development And Progression Of Ad Essay1485 Words   |  6 Pageshuman brain is capable of so many things, being able to detect when our bodies are out of balance to making us crave foods for certain nutrients our body needs. The human brain is so powerful, that it is capable of destroy it’s own neurons through a process starting out as dementia and progressing into Alzheimer’s disease, or (AD). Studies are suggesting new theories about the oral cavity having an etiologic factor, as well as i nfluences on development and progression of AD. Various research showsRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease And Its Effects On The Human Brain1023 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen one way to confirm if a person suffering from dementia truly had Alzheimer’s disease, an autopsy after death. Alzheimer’s disease has been found to leave a distinct effect on the human brain. The disease has been found to cause significant brain shrinkage. Neurological plaques and tangles have been the distinct lasting effect from the disease. Large deposits of the protein beta-amyloid have been associated with the neurological plaques, and abnormal tangles that lead to a failed transport system

Religion Is A Form Of Government - 2277 Words

â€Å"Democracy is a form of government, where a constitution guarantees basic personal and political rights, fair and free elections, and independent courts of law.† (Democracy 2004). Religion and politics have been long viewed as partners for many and yet some find the relationship a struggle. Religion usually pertains to an individual or a community of like minded members in the private sector. An example of such a body of individuals includes church or social organizations. As part of Western civilization, Americans typically embraced the separation of church and state as they believe that religion has no place in politics at all. Politics usually apply to the public sector where individuals serve as members of a wider community such as†¦show more content†¦How do they impact each other? According to Wikipedia 2014, â€Å"Religion is an organized collection of beliefs, cultural systems, and world views that relate humanity to an order of existence. It is also the most intensive and comprehensive method of valuing that is experienced by humankind†. Religion is often difficult to identify or define because it overlaps on many different boundaries in human experience. This complex phenomenon has led many theorists to attempt to form a cohesive definition, however, every theory has its limitations thus making this task utterly impossible to complete. Religion can also resolve matters on the private and public sector such as issues regarding life and death, love and sex, authority and freedom. Although religious traditions often challenge each other, they also offer individuals with a sense of security and direction. It can also dictate those who are in power versus those who are not, and often provides validation for imbalances in social, economic, and politic al power, as well as structure for advancement and revolutionary change. According to Fairlax 2014, â€Å"Politics is the art or science of government or governing, especially the governing of a political entity, such as a nation, and the administration and control of its internal and external affairs†, the debate or conflict among individuals or parties having or hoping to

Fossil Fuels Free Essays

Fossil fuels have been a widely used source of energy every since the Industrial Revolution just before the dawn of the 20th century. Fossil fuels are relatively easy to use to generate energy because they only require a simple direct combustion. However, a problem with fossil fuels is their environmental impact. We will write a custom essay sample on Fossil Fuels or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not only does their excavation from the ground significantly alter the environment, but their combustion leads to a great deal of air pollution. Fossil and nuclear plants are capable of producing significant amounts of power. Plants in the gigawatt (billions of watts) range are common. Modern cities need large amounts of reliable electricity, more than what many alternative sources can currently deliver. Businesses should educate people about what benefits they can get out of nuclear versus fossil fuels. One of the leading and biggest Corporations in nuclear filed is Exelon Corporation. The Exelon Corporation could educate citizens of the United States about the need to get off fossil fuels, the relative improvement begot from nuclear and counter society’s misconceptions on the dangers of nuclear energy. Background/ Context of Issue. The cost for building and operating a power plant is lower for fossil fuels. This remains true even though environmental concerns have added to their costs. For the short term, these fuels are the easiest to produce. Nuclear fuel, though much less of it is needed, requires significant, costly refinement to bring the ores to useful purity. At the end of its productive life, a nuclear plant must be decommissioned, a costly process. We burn fossil fuels to get energy from them. This is called combustion. Technically, the products of combustion are carbon dioxide and water. But with most fuels combustion is incomplete. Ashes escape into the air or accumulate in the furnace, requiring disposal. In 2009, carbon dioxide is seen as a major factor in global warming. Spent fuel nuclear fuel rods, no longer able to make power, are still highly radioactive. They must be carefully stored for at least hundreds of years. Interstate shipments of radioactive wastes are controversial; no one wants the potential for nuclear accidents in their home state. Nuclear power has seen two major applications: large, stationary electric ower plants and propulsion for naval vessels. The heavy shielding around a reactor limits other uses. Nuclear aircraft engines and other applications have been explored, but the heaviness of the reactor and the chance of contamination from accidents keep these from serious consideration. Fossil fuels are used in things as small as lighters and big as power plants. In liquid form, they can be conveniently stored and distributed. Hazards such as t oxicity and flammability exist but don’t pose long-term problems the same as nuclear fuels do. Reserves entail many complex factors. Geologists can determine the extent of proven reserves, though these can be over- or understated for political reasons. New finds are reported frequently. Consumption, which determines how long reserves will, last, is variable, driven by economic conditions. At current rates of use, the world has enough coal for 200 years, oil for 40 years and natural gas for 60 years. Uranium reserves are good for 50 years, though technologies such as breeder reactors can, in theory, stretch that to more than 1,000. Currently, the United States and most of the world is locked into what could be called the fossil fuel economy. Our automobiles, trains and planes are fueled almost exclusively by petroleum products like gasoline and diesel. A huge percentage of our power plants use oil, natural gas and coal for their fuel. If the flow of fossil fuels to the United States were ever cut off, the economy would come to a halt. There would be no way to transport the products that factories produce. There would be no way for people to drive to work. The whole economy, and in fact the whole of western society, currently depends on fossil fuels. While fossil fuels have played an important role in getting society to the point it is at today, there are four big problems that fossil fuels create: Air pollution – When cars burn gasoline, they would ideally burn it perfectly and create nothing but carbon dioxide and water in their exhaust. Unfortunately, the internal combustion engine is not perfect. In the process of burning the gasoline, it also produces: * Carbon monoxide, a poisonous gas * Nitrogen oxides, the main source of urban smog * Unburned hydrocarbons, the main source of urban ozone Catalytic converters eliminate much of this pollution, but they aren’t perfect. Air pollution from cars and power plants is a real problem in big cities. It is bad enough now that, in the summer, many cities have dangerous levels of ozone in the air. Environmental pollution – The process of transporting and storing oil has a big impact on the environment whenever something goes wrong. An oil spill, pipeline explosion or well fire can create a huge mess. The Exxon Valdez spill is the best known example of the problem, but minor spills happen constantly. Global warming – When you burn a gallon of gas in your car, you emit about 5 pounds (2. 3 kg) of carbon into the atmosphere. If it were solid carbon, it would be extremely noticeable — it would be like throwing a 5-pound bag of sugar out the window of your car for every gallon of gas burned. But because the 5 pounds of carbon comes out as an invisible gas, carbon dioxide, most of us are oblivious to it. The carbon dioxide coming out of every car’s tailpipe is a greenhouse gas that is slowly raising the temperature of the planet. The ultimate effects are unknown, but it is a strong possibility that, eventually, there will be dramatic climate changes that affect everyone on the planet. For example, if the ice caps melt, sea level will rise significantly, flooding and destroying all coastal cities in existence today. That’s a big side effect. Dependence – The United States, and most other countries, cannot produce enough oil to meet demand, so they import it from oil-rich countries. That creates an economic dependence. When Middle East oil producers decide to raise the price of oil, the rest of the world has little choice but to pay the higher price. Stakeholders One of direct stakeholders in this case is The United States government, which monitors nuclear companies through the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The NRC regulates reactors through inspection, licensing, and performance assessments. Since 1990s, nuclear build has been efficiently ruled out until the year 2006, following review if the energy policy overturned opposition of the government towards new nuclear. In order to facilitate new nuclear formation, the government has implemented various measures like streaming planning process, making sure that regulations are well equipped in order to pre-license designs regarding new created proposals (World nuclear Association, 2013). Exelon Corporation is one of the nation’s leading competitive providers of energy with almost $23. 5 billion revenue annually. The company participated in all stages of energy business that is from generation to the competitive sales of energy to transmission and finally to delivery. Exelon provides energy services and products to almost 100,000 public and business sector customers as well as almost one million of residential customers. The company’s employees are usually devoted to safety. In this case, they are highly skilled employees and simultaneously receive training in order to make their safe job practices safer. Every employee has 100% accountability (Exelon’s, website). Exelon’s commitment towards the environment is essential to their corporate strategy. Their objectives include capitalizing their environment leadership as well as providing safe, clean, affordable and reliable electricity that caters transition of the American to sustainable future energy. However, the company’s early dedication to responsible, low carbon energy venture has enabled it creating advantage to their stakeholders while limiting their impacts towards the environment (Exelon’s website). Because of the pluralistic society that the United States has, special interest groups can have a large negative impact on nuclear companies by protesting or picketing. Previous Solutions Different ways have been tried to let the public accept the fact that nuclear power resources are better off then fossil fuel resources. Driving electric cars will be one way when we can use renewable energy to charge the cars. United Arab Emirates: One way the Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation (ENEC) was able to increase public support for its nuclear power was through a public outreach program. According to a poll conducted by the research consultancy firm TNS, the ENEC was able to increase public awareness of nuclear power by 13% over last year (Mustafa). The success of ENEC’s public awareness campaign can be seen through the increase of respondents in favor of UAE using nuclear power (Mustafa). The percent of people who supported nuclear power increased from 66% to 82% in one year. The respondents of the poll were so much in favor of nuclear power they are even willing let a plant be built where they live (Mustafa). The USA is the world’s largest producer of nuclear power, accounting for more than 30% of worldwide nuclear generation of electricity. * The country’s 104 nuclear reactors produced 821 billion kWh in 2011, over 19% of total electrical output. There are now 102 units operable and three under construction. * Following a 30-year period in which few new reactors were built, it is expected that 4-6 new units may come on line by 2020, the first of those resulting from 16 licence applications made since mid-2007 to build 24 new nuclear reactors. However, lower gas prices since 2009 have put the economic viability of some of these projects in doubt. * Government policy changes since the late 1990s have helped pave the way for significant growth in nuclear capacity. Government and industry are working closely on expedited approval for construction and new plant designs. Recommendations We advise using edification about nuclear power to transmit the pros of nuclear power and make it a further generally suitable energy and educate populace about it. Media (Discovery channel NAT GEO) is a great tool to give awareness about the benefits of nuclear power over fossil fuels and rebuild nuclear powers reputation. Nuclear is power is safer than other resources but it is seemingly as dangerous. Learning programs have raised knowledge about nuclear power and results in approval like in the United Arab Emirates. We also suggest having stakeholder seminar discussions and citizens’ panels like other developed nations. Stakeholders get empowered when they are involved in decision making. Conclusion We can conclude that replacing the petroleum fuel used in the entire fleet of U. S. vehicles with ethanol and biodiesel in the next four years, even in blended form would significantly, though temporarily reduce CO2 emissions. This change would replace the exponential growth rate of CO2emissions with a linear one which continues to be problematic because it is still consistently increasing. Furthermore, this drastic measure would not sufficiently reduce greenhouse gas emissions to permanently curb global warming. Thus, using alternative fuels for transportation ought to be supplemented with other significant changes. This does not even take nto account the economic, environmental and moral problems and questions which arise in the shift from the production and transportation of traditional petroleum fuels to biofuels. And, of course, this study has been limited to the United States, which contributes a small (though significant) percentage of greenhouse gas emissions. Clearly, ethanol and biodiesel are environmentally responsible alternatives to petroleum-based g asoline and diesel, and are a good transitional option in what needs to be global effort in slowing greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. How to cite Fossil Fuels, Papers Fossil Fuels Free Essays Fossil Fuels, which include coal, oil, and natural gas, are a non-renewable energy source that were formed from the decomposition of plants and animals that were deposited in the Earth around 300 million years ago. These fossil fuels, after being removed from the Earth, are converted into energy and this energy is essential to modern society (Chughtai Shannon, 1998). Over 85 percent of America’s energy demands are met by the combustion of fossil fuels, which means that America requires large amounts of oil, coal, and natural gas in order to generate the power that is needed to keep the country in operation. We will write a custom essay sample on Fossil Fuels or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fossil fuels are used to power homes, heat homes, provide transportation, and to power exploration (Chughtai Shannon, 1998). Without fuel there would be no energy and without energy the world would come to a virtual standstill. While fossil fuels have proven essential to the industrial revolution and the creation of society as we now know, fossil fuels pose a danger to the world, to the ecosystem, to animals, to plants, and to humans. The exploration and extraction of fossil fuels cause destruction to the natural environment and upsets ecosystems which can not only harm the natural beauty of the world, but can interrupt the food chain which is essential to life. The Impact of Exploration and Extraction The destructive power of fossil fuel exploration and extraction is a major concern for environmentalists and starts with how each fossil fuel is discovered and removed from the Earth. Because of the destructive nature of fossil fuel exploration and extraction environmental groups around the world are trying to show the negative impact of fossil fuels on the environment. Environmental groups are trying to block oil exploration in the Georges Bank, a vast underwater plateau that stretches from Cape Cod to Nova Scotia and has been among the world’s most fertile fishing grounds, because they show evidence that oil exploration could, â€Å"could disrupt the fragile ecological environment at Georges Bank at a time that authorities are trying to restock declining fish populations† (Klein, 2005). Exploration and extraction of fossil fuels from marine environments can cause untold damage to ecosystems and marine life that can completely change not only the underwater environment, but can also profoundly impact the lives of those who rely on the marine ecosystem to survive; including humans. According to different scientific studies, seismic blasting can damage reproductive organs, burst air bladders, and cause physiological stress in marine organisms. It can also cause behavioral modifications and reduce or eliminate available habitat, alter fish distribution by tens of kilometers, and damage planktonic eggs and larvae (Quijano, 2008). Klein reports, â€Å"some recent studies have indicated seismic testing impairs the hearing mechanisms of fish can kill fish eggs and larvae, and drive marine mammals — including rare whale species — from their feeding grounds (2005). The destruction of natural fish habitats has been shown to lower local fish populations and to interrupt the breeding and migration habitats of fish populations. Not only do local communities often rely on fish that are disrupted by underwater exploration and extraction of fossil fuels, but other marine animals and ecosystems can be affected by sudden and irreversible changes. Coal mining, often in heavily wooded and mountainous regions throughout the world, destroys habitat that is home to many animal species. In Canada, open-pit mining in the region of Jasper National Park has interfered with and destroyed the habitat for up to 5,000 song birds and the breeding grounds of the largest breeding population of Harlequin Ducks in Alberta (Barber ; Gelfand, 2005). In addition to the birds, the mine is thought to further threaten the already endangered grizzly bear population in the region. Additionally, coal mining, as well as other factors, is reported as a major threat to the critically endangered Sumantran Tiger in the Kerinci Seblat National Park in Sumatra. Mining operations in the area are destroying the remainder of the tiger’s natural habitat and is not only reducing where the tiger can live, but is also reducing food populations for the tiger and forcing more human interactions (Linkie, et al. , 2003). Oil exploration not only harms the natural environment, but it can be destructive to natural cultures and to indigenous people. Indigenous people are more in tune with nature and live with the land, and are less likely to exploit or destroy nature to suit their lifestyles; however, when they are displaced by oil companies, large portions of the natural environment fall to exploration and drilling. A report from Doctors Without Borders in 2002, showed, â€Å"oil development in the western Upper Nile region of Sudan has caused mass displacements of civilians, bombings and burning of civilian homes† (Babych, 2002). Hundreds of thousands of people were displaced or killed and their land was stripped in order to erect oil facilities. Oil exploration is also reported to be a major cause of displacement of the indigenous people of Columbia. A reported 28,000 or 10 percent of the population has been forced from their ancestral lands in order to allow outside nations, led by the United States, to explore for oil and coal in the regions (Lari ; Kurtzer, 2008). Oil exploration around the globe often occurs in regions where tribes of people have lived for hundreds of years and these people are now being unnaturally forced from the land. Clearly the exploration and extraction of fossil fuels is having a major environmental impact around the globe and is harming the natural environment, natural ecosystems, animal populations, and even human lives. The impact of fossil fuels goes beyond the concerns of global warming and the extraction of fossil fuels further threatens the Earth and the natural environment. What is Being Done Unfortunately, little is being done by government agencies in order to protect the natural environment or the indigenous people when it comes to exploration and extraction of fossil fuels. The government of the United States, and the governments of other industrialized nations, must continue to explore for new sources of fossil fuels in order to secure quantities for the future and often this means ignoring the global impact that fossil fuel exploration and extraction has on the environment. While the Government, led by the EPA, passes legislation to clean up the environmental impacts of consuming fossil fuels, little attention is paid to ending the harmful exploration and extraction issues. The majority of America’s fossil fuels are obtained from other nations and the U.  S. government relies on these nations to study and lessen the impact of fossil fuel exploration and extraction. In order to correct the harm that is being done, more attention and more resources must be put into lessening or eliminating the environmental impact of extracting fossil fuels from the Earth. The Sierra Club states, â€Å"Extraction of these fuels, such as drilling for oil or mining coal, often destroys forests, mountains, coastlines, and other natural areas. When crude oil is transported by sea to refineries, leaks and spills can destroy marine life for huge areas† (2008). Many environmental groups and human rights organizations are working to protect the environment from fossil fuel exploration and extraction, but an international policy must be enacted in order to address the issue on a global scale. An international policy must be written and adhered to by all nations if the world is to be protected from these harms. While global warming, oil spills, mine disasters, and other issues receive worldwide media attention, the impact of fossil fuel exploration and extraction receives little, if any, media coverage. The media covers only the stories that involve the impact of burning fossil fuels and ignore any stories that show the impact on the environment of extraction. More advocacy is needed and governmental controls are required to reduce the global environmental impact from the exploration and extraction of fossil fuels. Environmental groups and human rights organizations must continue the fight in order to gain an international policy and gain the required public support and media attention. While the impact of the use of fossil fuels is well-know, the public must be informed on the impact of finding and removing the fuel from the Earth. Bibliography http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2005/08/05/exploration_on_georges_bank_okd/ How to cite Fossil Fuels, Essay examples

Efficiency and Ensuring Justice in Court System

Question: Discuss about the Efficiency and Ensuring Justice in Court System. Answer: Introduction: Lebanon is a Middle Eastern country considered by most European free and advanced compared to other states in the same region. It is not ruled by a dictatorship and its capital, Beirut, has been a tourist destination for many Westerners and home to various commissions of the United Nations and other international organizations (Willis, 2005). However, Lebanon's level of well-being is only apparent (Iskandar, 2006). If you analyze the political system in this country, it is easy to point out different factors that had a negative effect on the development of the population as well as the economic growth (Davidson, 2012). Understanding the current situation prevailing in Lebanon, it is necessary to understand the countrys history. In fact, when World War 1 came to an end, the League of Nations mandated France to take control of Lebanon; this was a major drive to the development of Lebanon. As Jet spin plans to set up a training facility in this country it is necessary to check various aspects of the countrys dynamics that may have an effect on the business (De Palo Trevor, 2007). In 1943, the independence of Lebanon was formalized by a National pact. The presidency was reserved for the elite Manorites, Prime Minister Post was reserved for the Sunnis and the leadership of Parliament reserved for the Shiites. According to (Rovine, 2010), in order to integrate the population in this country into a country where nineteen different religious denominations coexisted, several personal statute laws were created, regulating individuals lives in each religious group(Sheehan Latif, 2008).Many people and working class intellectuals felt inadequately represented in such a compartmentalized and stratified country, dominated by religious elites. Hence, there is a healthy coexistence of people which is good because this enables a business to operate without fear of skirmishes as a result of sectarian views (Kauffmann Wegner, 2007). The biggest problem of not having a secular and universal civil code is that each religion has different principles. However, for companies that set up shop in Lebanon such asJet Spin it is an encouragement to know that there are strong laws that seek to protect the companies in terms of external interference which encourages foreign direct investment (Rovine, 2010). For the management of Jet spin there is no reason to worry because rule of law in Lebanon is upheld. Although Lebanon being a mostly a diverse country there is a lot of discrimination against women and these laws are also discriminatory towards companies run by women, this is generally insignificant. There is a lot of favoritism especially on men, however, this may not affect how arbitrations of cases involving businesses (Loughman Sibery, 2012). The perception of corruption remains in Lebanon Lebanon obtained 28 points in the Corruption Perceptions Index published by the Organization for International Transparency. Its score has not changed since 2015, so its citizens maintain a stable perception of corruption in Lebanon. Despite this, Lebanon worsens its position with respect to the rest of the countries until the 136 position, of the 176, then the perception of corruption of its inhabitants is very high (Mzid, 2004). The perception of corruption in the last five years in Lebanon has improved, although it has suffered a decline in its position in the international ranking of corruption. The Transparency international index ranks countries from 0 100 which is a representation of high to low levels of corruption in the public sector. In the table and the chart at the bottom we show the evolution of Lebanon's position in the Corruption Perceptions Index. You can see a list with the classification of all the countries by clicking on Corruption Perceptions Index and see all the economic information of Lebanon in Economy of Lebanon Beirut international airport Beirut international airport is one of the main airports in this country. The total passengers passing through this airport in 2015 was more than 7,203,781. This can be a big market boost for Jetspinn in its bid to put up a fitness center at this airport. Challenges in Beirut airport Extensions will not be enough to address the many challenges facing airports. They must also meet the growing demand for sustainable buildings and environmental protection, to give an example. In addition, to reduce noise pollution, many airports located in densely populated areas must modify landing and take-off routes or reduce morning air traffic. With so much security requirement and control, air travel causes stress to the passenger, so the rest of your airport experience should be as relaxed and entertaining as possible. This gives the opportunity to increase revenue, as passengers are more likely to buy if they are happy and have some free time. Efficient passenger transport systems are a way of alleviating the hassles of traveling long distances within large airport terminals, since in many cases travelers must cover more than two kilometers between entry doors, Security and the boarding gate. Another key element for the efficiency of an airport is how to manage the distanc es between the car parks and the terminals, which are also usually long. Governments must also take into account whether their road and public transport networks are capable of accommodating the growing number of passengers arriving at and departing from their airports. Despite the abundant challenges, when airport growth improves the attractiveness of a region for tourism and business, the benefits can be substantial The perception that the passengers have on the airport is that it is just like any other airport in the world. Beirut international airport has typical airport passenger facilities. These include cafes, duty free shops, banks and three lounges for premium passengers. If Jetspinn wants to conduct business transactions such as borrowing money, entering into contracts, leasing equipment, selling goods etc. there is a company law Act that provides guidelines and regulations as to how to carry out these transactions. There are both foreign and domestic workers working in the airport. The main labour is that of domestic workers whereas foreign labour come in form of expatriates. The gym and the spa employ Lebanese trainers while the management of the company is exclusively left to foreign workers of the European union countries. Hiring employees or developing a skilled and competent business team entails a whole new area of compliance, the employment and labor law. These laws cover all aspects. Jet spin is setting up business in Lebanon which will be in form of a branch. In Lebanon, a country of four and a half million, the number of foreign domestic workers is estimated at 250,000. Most of them come from Southeast Asia and Africa. In the Arab world as a whole, the number is estimated at 2.4 million, all under the yoke of the legal sponsorship system governing hiring, known as kafala. The main claim of workers is the suppression of this widespread system in the countries of the Middle East because, they say, it gives employers almost total power over their workers and favors abuse and ill-treatment. There are no strong labor laws in Lebanon and also there are no trade unions for workers. For Jet spin this may be a problem because it is a company that is under the guidelines of international labor laws thus i t will not be possible to exploit the workers. The most reported are forced labor, nonpayment or late payment of wages, forced closure in the workplace, denial of free time and confiscation of the passport, according to the testimonies of workers. However, the wages in this country are sustainable hence the company can easily pay and sustain its business. AGIP- (Abu-Ghazaleh Intellectual Property) AGIP is an organization that deals with intellectual property protection in Arabian countries. AGIP has worked closely with multilateral organizations and the Lebanese government on the introduction of an effective intellectual property protection system that has produced significant results in the region and more so in Lebanon. It is a body dedicated in safeguarding the countries intellectual property rights. The new system, has given large multinational companies the confidence to expand in Lebanon and plan large investments, as they are guaranteed that their investments are properly protected. (Miller, 2004).AGIP has also supported government committees and officials responsible for reviewing and drafting new IPR regulations in a number of Arab countries, including Lebanon. International protection of Intellectual property protection This commitment to the protection of intellectual property has been strengthened by the continued support from Agip with international organizations, including the Global Intellectual Property Organization (GIPO) and World Trade Org. Governmental organizations such as the International Trade Association , International Protection of Intellectual Property Association (AIPPI), Federation of Intellectual Property and its Lawyers, and through financial support received from Arab Society for Intellectual Property (ASIP) and the Association of Executive Licenses - Arab Countries (LES-AC) Jetspinn can be assured of protection of intellectual property in Lebanon (Miller, 2004). Therefore it is easy to have Jetspin Intellectual property protected. AGIP has on numerous occasions sponsored and organized, in conjunction with WTO, WIPO and ASIP, training relevant to members of the judiciary in Lebanon and district attorneys (Miller, 2004). AGIP has published numerous groundbreaking works on inte llectual property in Lebanon; this includes compilation of an English translation of all Arab intellectual property laws and the publication of a major intellectual property dictionary. This will definitely enable Jetspin to have to improve on its business in Lebanon. Factors that may affect Jetspin in Lebanon Increasingly, businesses seek to expand their activity outside their borders and one of the most attractive markets is located in the Gulf region. In fact, the member countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) have aimed to facilitate the award of new contracts to foreign companies. But for commercial relations with the Arab world to be fruitful, it is important to know the culture, social norms and religion of different countries. As a rule, doing business in the Arab world is no different than doing it in other regions of the world and, as in any other context, it is very important to know local customs to avoid making mistakes. However, liberalism in business has been greatly accommodated in Lebanon than most of the arab countries meaning that most of the religious consideration are not necessarily followed to the latter. Other factors include the taxes in Lebanon, the business environment, competition and business ethics. In the Arab world, trust and respect among business partners are fundamental, so it is always advisable to establish these relationships with the counterpart and watch over them. In business, an Arab entrepreneur will avoid arguing and will speak skillfully between the lines. In addition, laws, ethics and commercial systems may vary from country to country, but there are common cultural elements, such as the importance of family ties, the tendency to avoid confrontation or direct discussions, hospitality or Ability to communicate "between lines", which is important for a businessman in lebanon to know. The religious factor has a marginal impact on trade relations, although it is advisable for anyone who wants to establish business with middle east countries to become familiar with Islam, its history, beliefs and manifestations. The religious factor has a marginal impact on the comme rcial relationship, but one should familiarize oneself with Islam. The interaction between the sexes is marked by cultural traditions, men and women - traveling to the Arab world pay attention to the ways of the local people. For example, in this and other regions of the world, kissing someone of the opposite sex as a form of greeting is not common practice. Although there are more and more Spanish companies establishing business relations with the Gulf countries, it is true that, in many cases, the stereotypes that exist towards the "Arab" - and even more towards the "Muslim" - stop the business possibilities with These countries when, on the contrary, the cultural ties that unite lebanon with the Arab world should be used to boost economic relations. Settlement of Disputes through Mediation and Arbitration Systems in Lebanon are robust to the extent that they are the means to achieve enforcement. One of the ways in which arbitration addresses the issue of compliance and dispute resolution is through its Mediation and Arbitration Center, which has been providing specialized and efficient alternative dispute resolution (ADR) procedures in Lebanon. For Jetspin arbitration is key to how the business performs in that market. The arbitration and mediation done to prevent and resolve disputes has not been realized fully, as most intellectual property rights holders in the field continue to resort to the traditional Courts. However, the outlook is beginning to change due to several related events that have occurred over the last several years. First, the economic significance of intellectual property has increased to the point where intellectual property rights are, for many companies, their fundamental asset, and disputes related to property rights may negatively affect or even paralyze their activity. At the same time, property assets are traded and exploited across borders, and disputes over these assets are likely to compete with several jurisdictions. In addition, property rights holders have increasingly complex contractual relationships, involving parties cooperating in different ways in research and development, production or marketing. The tendency to alternative dispute resolution has been supported by the good results of dispute resolution procedures on domain names, such as the Uniform Domain Dispute Resolution Policy, which offers intellectual property owners an effective remedy against bad faith registration and the use of domain names related to their property. In addition, there are an increasing number of procedural rules that call for, and even require, alternative solutions to disputes. The advantages of alternative dispute resolution are increasingly being recognized, they including the following: Single procedure. Litigation in the courts in the case of international intellectual property disputes may involve many procedures in different jurisdictions, with the risk of inconsistencies (Intellectual Property Protection Restoration Act of 2003, 2003). Through the alternative solution, the parties may agree to settle by a single procedure a dispute concerning protected intellectual property in different countries, bypassing the costs and complexity of multi-jurisdictional litigation. Autonomy of the parts. Because of its private nature, alternative dispute resolution allows parties to exercise greater control over how their dispute is resolved. Unlike litigation before the courts, the parties may choose the rules of procedure, the applicable law, the place and language in which proceedings will be carried out. Neutrality. The alternative solution may be neutral in relation to language, institutional culture and the law applicable to the parties, thus avoiding having to settle the dispute in the courts of one of the parties, where being familiar with the applicable law and local procedures can offer considerable strategic advantages. Specialization. The parties may choose arbitrators or mediators who have specialized knowledge in the relevant technical, legal or commercial area to resolve the dispute. Confidentiality. Alternative dispute resolution procedures are private. Accordingly, the parties may agree that the procedures and results derived therefrom are confidential. This is particularly important when reputations and trade secrets are at stake, as is often the case in intellectual property disputes. It also allows you to focus on the substance of the dispute without worrying about public repercussions. Irrevocability and enforceability of awards. Unlike court decisions that can usually be challenged in one or more instances, arbitration awards do not allow appeal. The Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1958, known as the New York Convention, which requires the 137 member states to recognize arbitration awards without reviewing the merits of the case, The General Council of Economists publishes a study on the Economic Implications of the functioning of Justice in Lebanon. Although the degree of satisfaction of Lebanon with respect to the functioning of the Administration of Justice is mostly low, the data show that Lebanon is at a level similar to the average of the countries of the middle east in some of the fundamental indicators that Are used to measure the efficiency of the functioning of Justice (Fletcher Sheppard, 2005). The legal structure is essential to encourage entrepreneurship and business creation. As an inspiring cause of economic confidence and investment localization, the Administration of Justice is of great importance. If we compare Lebanon with the rest of the developed countries in each of the fundamental indicators that are used to measure the efficiency of the functioning of Justice, we can see that Lebanon is in a middle position, taking 264 days to solve, especially as To the duration of civil and commercial proceedings, the developed countries average being 246 days (Davis, 2002).However, possible convergence with other countries should be explored in areas such as the litigation rate, public expenditure per capita allocated to the courts, financial resources, regulatory framework and number of judges (Germann Grant, 2000).Although still in the lower half of the Arab world classification, the number of pending cases has been reduced in Lebanon by 25% between 2010 and 2015. There is an improvement in the use of technological means in Justice, but there is still a long way to go, especially in terms of making compatible the computer systems of the Ministry of Justice and those of some Autonomous Communities that have transferred competences.The courts of mercantile are in which there has been a greater accumulation of matters (DeMartino, 2000). And as far as tenders are concerned, there is a tendency to reduce creditors' tenders in the face of an increase in the treatment of insolvencies through out-of-court settlements. The General Council of Economists, on the basis of the above, has suggested proposals to improve the Lebanese judicial system, such as: The indispensable reorganization of the courts and tribunals under principles of efficiency (S?abri?, 2008).The Administration of Justice would have to improve the terms of resolution of the cases, especially in jurisdictions like mercantile (S?abri?, 2008).The complexity of the legislative framework should be reduced and legislative profusion and dispersion should be avoided. Setting up a specific action plan to reduce the litigation rate is key to improving business environment in the country (Born, 2009). Compulsory prior, require mediation in certain procedures. Provision of a budget means to make its implementation more efficient (Sayed, 2004).Improve judicial statistics to facilitate comparability and development of improved indicators. Carry out a study to identify the reasons why citizens do not appreciate in a positive way their judicial system to take measures to improve it (Benlamri Sparer, n.d.). Finally, the different political forces should integrate the Justice Pact, increasing the role of Justice in the general policies of the country and promoting transversality. For Jetspin the idea of setting up business in Lebanon is valid since it is a country that upholds rule of law and therefore justice is guaranteed (Tierney, 2007). References Born, G. (2009). International commercial arbitration (1st ed.). Austin [Tex]: Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Benlamri, R. Sparer, M. Leadership, innovation and entrepreneurship as driving forces of the global economy (1st ed.). Davidson, F. (2012). Arbitration. Edinburgh: W. Green/Thomson Reuters. Davis, P. (2002). Deterrence influence in counterterrorism. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand DeMartino, G. (2000). Global economy, global justice (1st ed.). London: Routledge. De Palo, G. Trevor, M. (2007). Arbitration and Mediation in the Southern Mediterranean Countries. Global Trends in Dispute Resolution, Volume 2 (1st ed.). Wolters Kluwer Law Businesss El-Naggar, S. Adjustment policies and development strategies in the Arab world (1st ed.). Germann, S. Grant, S. (2000). Franchising (1st ed.). [Wellington, N.Z.]: New Zealand Law Society. .Fletcher, G. Sheppard, S. (2005). American law in a global context. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Improving efficiency and ensuring justice in the immigration court system (1st ed.). Iskandar, M. (2006). The Lebanese economy 2005-2006 (1st ed.). [Beirut]: Marwan Iskandar Associates. Intellectual Property Protection Restoration Act of 2003. (2003) (1st ed.). Washington. Kauffmann, C. Wegner, L. (2007). Privatisation in the Meda Region (1st ed.). Paris: OECD. Loughman, B. Sibery, R. (2012). Bribery and corruption (1st ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley Miller, E. (2004). Intellectual property protection (1st ed.). [Place of publication not identified]: West Group (Law). Mzid, N. (2004). Comparative study of labour law in the Arab partner countries = (1st ed.). Brussels: Forum Syndical Euromed. Pieth, M., Low, L., Bonucci, N. The OECD Convention on bribery (1st ed.). Rovine, A. (2010). Contemporary Issues in International Arbitration and Mediation. Leiden: Boston. Sheehan, S. Latif, Z. (2008). Lebanon (1st ed.). Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. S?abri?, N. (2008). Financial markets and institutions in the Arab economy. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Sayed, A. (2004). Corruption in international trade and commercial arbitration (1st ed.). The Hague: Kluwer Law International. Tierney, S. (2007). Accommodating cultural diversity (1st ed.). Aldershot, England: Ashgate. Willis, T. (2005). Lebanon (1st ed.). New York: Children's Press.

Competing with Giants by Niraj Dawar and Tony Frost article review

In the article Competing with Giants, Niraj Dawar and Tony Frost discuss the strategies that companies from developing countries can use in order to compete with international corporations. The authors argue that selling out or leaving the market is not always the most optimal solution for small businesses. According to this article, the managers should focus on the following issues:Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Competing with Giants by Niraj Dawar and Tony Frost article review specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Identification and assessment of ones competitive assets. The managers should focus on the strengths that their businesses may have, for example, well-developed distribution networks, low-cost of production, or loyalty of the customers. This knowledge will be essential for them in the future. The degree to which the assets of the company can be transferred abroad. For instance, they should determin e whether they have sufficient resources to enter foreign markets. Similarly, they should analyze the strategies of their competitors from the same perspective. This analysis will help them better develop their strategies and predict the actions of competitors. Finally, they should evaluate globalization pressures or the likelihood that a foreign rival can enter their niche market. Apart from that, the writers describe four possible strategies that local companies can adopt when facing foreign competition. Depending upon the path that these businesses take, they can be categorized into four groups: Defenders or companies that focus on one of their competitive strengths and meet the needs of one target group that cannot be reached by foreign corporations. For instance, one can mention Bajaj Auto a manufacturer of scooters. They target people who are interested in durability and low cost of a scooter, rather than its brand. In this way, they can rival with large corporations like Ho nda. Dodgers or those businesses that can redefine their goals and main strengths. In other words, they can move to a different market that is of little interest to international companies. For instance, one can refer to Chinese software developers that chose to design programs for Windows, instead of developing operating systems. Extenders or those organizations that strive to transfer their capabilities into foreign markets. These businesses usually seek markets similar to their own. One of such organizations is Jollibee Foods which is a Philippine fast-food chain that operates in China and Japan. Contenders or those companies that attempt to improve their capacities in order to compete with large international companies. Among such companies one can single out Samsung or Sony. On the whole, this study outlines several ways in which local companies can withstand the rivalry of foreign corporations, namely: Upgrading organizational strengths and capabilities so that the company d id not have to move from a particular market entered an international corporation; Diversifying the range of the products or services; Moving to a different segment that is of no interest to a foreign competitor; Focusing on the needs of a particular group of customers and offering products that can appeal to these people, their values, and income level. The authors show that the arrival of international companies does not always lead to the failure of the local ones. The managers of such businesses should remember that the policy of protectionism cannot always shield them against their rivals from abroad. The strategies described in this article can help many local businesses from developing countries. This coursework on Competing with Giants by Niraj Dawar and Tony Frost article review was written and submitted by user Emiliano Gould to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How We Could Have Prevented Pearl Harbor essays

How We Could Have Prevented Pearl Harbor essays On December 7th, 1941, Pearl Harbor was attacked by the Japanese air force relentlessly. On that horrible day over 2400 Americans died because of that attack, and even more were injured. This cowardly attack on Pearl Harbor angered the U.S.A. and immediately brought us into the war. The U.S.A. would be determined to bring down the axis powers all over the earth. This was the start of World War II. But could the attack on Pearl Harbor been prevented and stopped before any real damage was done? There were many factors that played a great part in the destruction of Pearl Harbor that could have been prevented with a simple order. Little or no precautions were made in case there was an attack. Even though the U.S.A. was expecting an attack on Pearl Harbor. Simple negotiations were turned down by the U.S.A., which enraged the Japanese government. Also safety precautions were not used because of lack of funds. This essay is about how the U.S.A. with a few simple common sense decisions, prec autionary measures, and no expenses spared, could of saved 2400 lives and the devastation of many more (Slackman, 107-108). Before that dreaded day on December 7th, 1941 the allied forces were already fighting the axis powers. The U.S.A. refused to get involved in the war. But sent pilots, supplies, and equipment to the allied forces so that they could keep up with the axis forces that were much powerful and stronger. The axis could easily destroy the allied powers without the aid of the U.S.A. economy. The axis powers didn't like this at all. Many countries on the axis side tried to agree with the U.S.A. government to stop supplying the other countries if the U.S.A. wasn't in the war. The U.S.A. denied their compromises and continued to support allied troops. This angered the Japanese extremely, and the U.S.A. knew it. The Japanese were going to take out a naval base that was the only major threat to the Japanese, Pearl Harbor. Both sides knew that it w...

Discovering Nutrition Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discovering Nutrition - Assignment Example This paper illustrates that a number of studies show that individuals, who consume low protein diets have low insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) in their blood. A diet replete with protein increases the levels of IGF-1 in the blood. IGF-1 contributes to particular types of cancer. One of the contributing factors to osteoporosis is a diet with high protein. Individuals, who consume high protein diet have increased rate of losing bone density due to bone resorption, which balances the amount of calcium excreted by the kidney. High protein with low carbohydrate diet is likely to cause ketosis, which can lead to the damage of internal organs. The only area in which the author meets the recommended intake is fruit. The researcher’s fruit intake is at 2.0 cup, which corresponds to the recommended intake. Meeting this requirement makes me happy, and it is necessary that the author maintains the required intake. Fruits contain several anti-oxidants compounds including vitamin-C, pol yphenolic flavonoids, and anthocyanin. Such compounds are crucial in protecting the body against cancers, oxidant stress and other diseases. In addition, fruits are rich in diverse minerals, vitamins, and other micronutrients. Several areas in my diet need improvement, which will ensure that the author meets the target of 2,190.10 calories. For this reason, meeting the recommended dietary needs calls for the author to make improvements in certain areas. Among the areas where improvement is necessary, including grains, vegetables, and dairy intake. Therefore, the researcher will adjust the amounts of the mentioned foods in his diet to correspond with the recommended amounts. First, he needs to consume 3.5 cups of whole grains a day, which should be half of his total grain intake. It is crucial that the author adjust the number of teaspoons of oils that he consumes in each day. For this reason, meeting that goal requires the researcher to have an intake of 6.0 teaspoons of oil per day . He needs to consider varying the types of vegetables that he takes. In addition, the author needs to reduce the amount of protein in his diet to 6.0 oz. The author’s current physical activity is low. He will adjust the amount of time for each physical activity.

Why Did Dinosaurs Become Extinct Research Paper

Why Did Dinosaurs Become Extinct - Research Paper Example Dinosaurs are also one such specie which became extinct over a period of time, who are believed to be a set of animals being either herbivores or ever carnivores, also being ornithopods or even quadrupeds with extremely long tails or legs. Usually, their leg are stretched erect beneath their bodies however, the fossil record indicates that they have been found in many distinct forms over the period of time. They have been found in various locales distributed widely over the planet earth and vary from terrestrial to marine beings. Dinosaurs are believed to be extinct by the end of the Cretaceous period. In other words, these dinosaurs became extinct about 65 million years ago, though they have been found to be living on earth for about 165 million years ago (When did dinosaurs become extinct 2012). There have been many explanations for the extinction of the dinosaurs, for instance the asteroid impact, disease, volcanic eruptions etc, however, the most widely accepted theory is the cli mate change theory, and thus this paper aims at discussing all these reasons and theories in details to locate which explanation offers the most convincing account of what actually happened. Starting off with the Asteroid theory which is also one of the most popular theories floating in this context, it implies that the extinction owes much to the hitting of a comet or an asteroid about 65 million years ago.... Thus, since the effect was too extreme to handle, survival rate was technically zero. According to the researchers, this asteroid was about 4-9 miles in length and evidence indicates that it hit the earth at the Yucatan Peninsula which is found at the Gulf of Mexico. Moreover, due to the huge size of the comet, the after effects were also quite massive, i.e. severe storms, huge forest fires etc hit mother earth and thus dinosaurs were nowhere to be seen following this event, and it is also said that it took about six months after the event for the sunlight to appear again. However, certain assumptions tend to negate this very theory, as the facts recovered by scientists indicate. For instance, the element or rather the chemical which leads towards the resistance for sunlight reducing photosynthesis or to cause other changes, is caused by the element Iridium which is found generally in meteors and causes these massive effects. Though the size of the meteor as indicated by the scientis ts was large enough to cause the destruction, but another shocking indication completely negates the proposition. Reason being that though one hand where all meteors contain Iridium, Comet doesn’t. Also the material found later on indicates that the material was either too high or too low to cause massive destruction, thus, this fact completely negates the destruction. Thus, while making logical connections and deriving conclusions, all facts have to be kept into mind and if any of these assumptions is ignored faulty propositions come up, thus propositions of this theory need to study this theory in detail. The second explanation which the scientists give to justify the extinction of the dinosaurs is the volcanic eruptions. Usually, whenever there is an eruption in the volcanoes,

Is the U.S. government doing enough to make the american worker Essay

Is the U.S. government doing enough to make the american worker competitive - Essay Example The question is if America is doing enough to make its workers competitive? This literature will explore the capability of the human capital of the United States and to ascertain if governments have provided measures to make its labor capital competitive with the global market. It will also delve if it’s necessary to impose more tariffs to goods that cannot be competitively made in America. US Economy President Barack Obama assumed his political seat vowing economic reform and redistribution of wealth. Officials and constituents rigorously discussed the imperative of budget cuts, refocused on social services and in raising capital for investment to generate employment opportunities and for economic bilateral relations with emerging markets. This strategy was essential as home needed to be cared by administrators too after suffering debilitating economic setbacks due to offshore conflict situations and anti-terror drive (Nixon, 2011). True enough, taxation was levied for those within the affluent class of American society, e.g. luxury tax for jet and boat owners and financial analysts restudied how income taxes could add more for national revenue. Obama thereafter made a pronouncement to unleash American business ingenuity and improve its productivity to maximize the American economic dynamism by extolling 70 trade agreements sealed for 12 US states. ... The trade deal hopes to provide manufacturing job opportunities to 235,000 American citizens for agriculture development, gasification, railway construction and production of hybrid buses. Obama also opened business deals in South Korea that will help auger 70,000 American jobs and of the removal of 95% tariffs between this nations, albeit opposition of AFL-CIO, a labor federation, arguing that free trade and removal of tariffs is unprotective of US workers. This measure to improve US macro-economic relations was a positive response after an economic recession that has affected major industries of the country which cost the loss of $13 trillion in 2007 and loss of 208,000 jobs in the trucking industry (US Department of Labor, 2010). Both small and big firms were hit with similar net job losses (US Department of Labor, 2010). In another development, last February 2011, the US government closed doors for H-1B work visas, a 3-year employer sponsored visa for highly skilled foreign worke r, following Immigration Services announcement that statutory cap of 85,000. While the agency protects the interest of the country from being burdened of increasing populace of immigrants, this was however criticized by some economist as a policy which discouraged entry of foreign investors e.g. Microsoft opted to avail European market because it can allow to hiring of highly skilled employees from foreign countries (Nowrasteh, 2011). Nowrasteh (2011) proposed government to review and reconsider this opportunity since companies like Intel, Sanmina-SCI, Sun Microsystems, eBay, Yahoo and Google with high-skilled foreign workers made America a leader in

Gene Flow: Causes and Barriers

Gene Flow: Causes and Barriers Variation of inherited traits in the section of individual organisms over a period of time is referred as evolution. The major renowned sources of variation are gene flow, genetic recombination and mutation. Gene flow that is also acknowledged as gene migrations is the genetic alleles exchange within populations by migration of gametes, spores and individuals of the same species. This is common in species through crossbreeding, migration and cross pollination which yield hybrid organisms. Movement of genes is often carried out by human being and wind. When people move from one town or country to another and carry with them plants to experiment if they can grow in their new location gene variation commence. Differences in gene flow across populations depends on the type of organism, populations of inactive organisms tends to be more isolated from each other than population of actively moving organisms. This paper will examine gene flow as an aspect of evolution biology and provide a d eeper understanding of its benefits to organisms. Mobility in gene flow One of the principal factors contributing the flow of genes between different populations is their movement habit. Plant population compared to animal population appears to be sedentary, hence, animals have high rate of experiencing gene flow. Migration and emigration of populations can reduce genetic differences within that particular group (Beurton, Peter, Raphael Falk et al 224). Through emigration, genes are carried away by the ongoing individuals to a new destination, whilst migration brings on board new genes to an existing gene pool. These processes are activated by perpetual diffusion and mixing of genes of a sexual population. Barriers to Gene Flow Human growth and advancement in technological world has not been without its cons to gene flow. This is a major obstacle to gene flow, especially in its many artificial and permanent development of the landscape. A structure like the Great Wall of China has hinder movement of many organisms and relocation of alleles of genes of indigenous plants population (Lewin 95). Another behavior that prohibits gene flow is the fencing of a game park where insider animals are restricted from meeting others from another park. Vast human progress and occupation can wipe out or partition ecosystems into a desert or secluded islands resulting to lessening genetic variation of the populations imprisoned there. In the efforts to facilitate gene flow scientists are increasingly crafting new ways to connect to these isolated species as away of maintaining viable genetic variation. The other distinguished barriers are the natural barriers that halt or slow the rate of migration of genes among populations . These are oceans, impassable mountains, hills and large and wide deserts that exhibit great challenges for animals movement. This hindrances leads to loss of genes in a population as fertile population are barred from meeting the weak or other strong ones (Beurton et al 124). These barriers in human population have created suspicion and tension among races to an extent of tribal animosity. Conducted studies reveal that sex chromosomes (X and Z chromosomes) are affiliated to reproduction and sex genes (Lewin 88). These genes are a factor in the progression of post zygotic isolation especially in hybrid sterility. It has been noted empirically that strengthening of zygotic isolation does occur in certain conditions. Recombination between alleles is a significant factor that has been identified to be opposing reinforcement. Connections between genes that affect mating and those that affect hybrid fitness plus sex chromosomes have the likelihood of boosting the process of hybridizing species. These ideas fall short of extrapolating whether essential forms of non-adaptive effect of divergence with no gene flow are stagnant or they increase. As a result of this we discover that there exists co evolution of zygotic barriers to the flow of genes. Gene flow in action The lives of species is involves a lot of movements in search of satisfaction and fulfilling hierarchy of needs. Thus, migration has become a significant force of restructuring genetic variation. In the contemporary globalization characterized by wide dispersions of humans in search green pastures and mates gene exchange is take place fast. There are now inter-racial marriages aiding much generating patterns of hereditary variations. Migration can occur to a mass of people due war or search of resources and food or to an individual as a result of displacement or personal drive to explore. Large scale migration of people leads to accumulation of mutations and as a result population diverges as there is genetic drift. Individual movements in a small geographical area enhance genetic variation between populations. These migration behaviors have distinctive effects on population structure with each having its methodological challenges. Gene flow accelerated by intermarriage between national or state communities occurs frequently within a short time period. It remains a challenge to determine temporal control and spatial control of historical human migration. Geographical sampling is a costly exercise, hence, to determine geographic scope of a specific event advanced genotyping technologies are used as they are economical. Determining temporal control which is when gene flow has occurred is even more challenging; DNA studies are examined to come up with resolution pertaining human mobility. New methods are underway to provide conclusive sequential bounds on flow of human genes using genetic data that will be analyzed to show human gene flow. To discover historical movements researchers use genetic markers like mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome as they are highly thought to be mainly instructive genetic markers. To study human history using these markers one has to understand that Y chromosome is passed from a f ather to sons while mitochondrial DNA is passed only from mother to off springs. This distinctive mode of transmission makes it easier to study human descent. Due to high rate of random genetic drift in these systems Y chromosome and Mitochondrion DNA have been found to have uncertainty. Their records show biasness towards the sex-specific migration of women and men as they are small loci representing large region of human genetic variations (Slarkin 327). Nowadays, multiple markers can be screened across human genome due to rapid progress in use of genotype technologies. Hence, to determine if two populations have similar genetic variations has become simple. However, it requires advanced modeling and inferential statistics to enumerate and establish the amount of gene flow between them. Gene flow from Neanderthals have made scientist to meditate and compare entire genomes. Complete genome sequence of Neanderthal has been sequenced by some scientist. Previously only mitochondria DNA were accessible from Neanderthal as they occur in numerous copies per cell which make it difficult to mine DNA from primeval remains (Barton Bengtsson 360). In this conducted study there was no trace of gene flow between Neanderthal and human being albeit this research was not conclusive as Mitochondrion DNA could have been mislaid through genetic drift. A complete combination of genome sequence from three Neanderthal creatures has been led by Green and colleagues through use of advanced new technology of sequencing. In contrast to mitochondrion DNA there are data sets that show existence of gene flow from Neanderthal to modern human being. It has been identified that non-African descendant have at least 13 genetic regions that originate from Neanderthal siblings. Since these regions are not present in Africans descent, this is thus a sign to show that gene flow had occurred from Neanderthal to modern people as it is assumed some ancestors had left Africa around 50,000 years to look for other destination in the rest of the world (Servedio Kirkpatrick 766). Conclusion An increase or decrease of a population affects gene pool frequencies as gene flow will have high chance to take place in a densely populated area while there will be minimal changes in a sparsely populated area. For example if all black people were to leave America, the next generation of humans would probably have few or no blacks. This study has revealed that gene flow can occur without migration especially in circumstances where people pays a visit to particular place and mate with natives even though they will eventually go back to their place. In this case, genes are transferred across those populations and the resulting generation is hybridized. Gene flow occurs between species when segment of DNA are carried by viruses in their routine invasion of cells of plants and animals. Although this mechanism of transfer is seldom, there exist documented evidence for some species of microorganisms, mammals, reptiles and insects. Human beings have not been left behind in this process; there is a high probability that 40-50% of DNA sequencing might have been carried out by viruses (Slarkin 420).

Ages of Faith, Reason, and Romantics Essay -- History Literature Writi

Ages of Faith, Reason, and Romantics Works Cited Missing The first three time periods in American literature had distinguishing characteristics in their subject matter and writing styles. Puritans wrote about their religious beliefs and daily life during the Age of Faith. During the Age of Reason, the Revolutionary War was going on and much of the writings were political documents as a result of the war. The Age of Romantics brought about the first fictional writings. The three time periods, which have unique characteristics in their subject matter and writing styles, were the Age of Faith, Age of Reason, and Age of Romantics. During the Age of Faith, the subject matter and writing styles were unusual. Puritans wrote about their religion in letters, journals, diaries, and sermons such as ?Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God? by Jonathan Edwards. In this sermon, Edwards uses ?scare-tactics? to get ?un-saved? members of his church ?saved?. Edwards, like many other Puritans, believed that ?un-saved? persons are held in the hand of God, over the pit of hell? (Edwards 37). Puritan daily life was centered around their religion. Puritans wrote about interactions with the Native Americans, farming, weather, hunting, and other happenings in the settlements such as in Of Plymouth Plantation by William Bradford. The plain writings of the Age of Faith proved to be quite unusual to the readers of today. The writers of the Age of Faith wrote about religion because that was the ...

Books and Practical Experience

Between books and practical experience, one is more likely to find gain more learning on the latter because there is nothing that compares to the blending of humans and the experience that molds them. As an old adage says, â€Å"Experience is the best teacher. † Books are meant to be a comprehensive textual guide to anything and everything under the sun. It may be safe to assume that each and every experience ever known to man since time immemorial has been written in all the books across the world. Certainly, books are useful to the world and it educates mankind from one generation to another.However, practical experience starts from birth (in fact, it starts upon conception), which is long before anyone could read books. Practical experience is that which effectively teaches a person what works and what doesn’t work in the everyday routine of life. Experience teaches one how to gauge the weight of things so decisions are easier to make when you are equipped with exper ience as opposed to being guided by all the best books ever written on earth. Still, in fairness to books and their importance to life, some significant matters like dealing with pregnancy, especially first time pregnancy, cannot be entrusted to practical experience.Helpful books that are guides to pregnancy are necessary for first time mothers because quite obviously, they do not have the experience to guide them through the initial experience. However, when it comes to the â€Å"next pregnancy,† mothers are already equipped with the necessary practical experience that will enable them to identify the things that work, does not work, or even the things that are potentially harmless for them in their condition. Books on the subject of History, Mathematics and Science are also important, and no amount of practical experience can outweigh the knowledge gathered by books of these subjects.However, practical experience will enrich these books further, at least in the minds of its readers. The strategies of Napoleon Bonaparte, for instance, can only mean something to the present generation once some practical experience of some authority brings Napoleon Bonaparte’s strategies to life in the present time. Therefore, it is still practical experience that gives life to books. Suffice it to say that nothing beats practical experience in helping man accomplish his goals and endeavors in life, because ultimately, the greatest lessons are lived, not read.Millions of books on self-empowerment have also been lucrative on the publishing industry. The truth, however, is that if man listens to the pieces of advice of their parents, or their neighbors, or the news features and entertainment motion pictures delivered by the media, books are virtually unnecessary as a reference to amassing wealth or developing oneself. The truth, in a nutshell, is that man can live without books, but man’s failure to learn from practical experience has all the potential to ca use his doom.

James Bond films Essays

James Bond films Essays James Bond films Essay James Bond films Essay Essay Topic: Film James Bond is a simple secret agent based on the books by Ian Fleming that were first created in the early 1950s, but has become an international British legend and the most successful film franchise ever. In forty years, twenty films have been made starring five different actors, each film being as brilliant and unique as the previous one. The Bond formula has remained successful because of the large number of differences and similarities between each film as well as the many simple characteristics of the Bond franchise. The charm, wit and heroic figure of James Bond has for many years made men want to be Bond and women want to be with Bond. Over the forty years, James Bond has developed many trademarks which are due to the effects of music, action, special editing and of course the unique plot of each film thought up by Ian Fleming. The opening sequence of every Bond film starts off with Bond in a dinner suit walking across the screen with a point-of-view shot from the barrel of a gun. Bond then abruptly turns and shoots the person aiming the gun; blood pours down the screen, and then cuts to the next shot. Every time a person watches this sequence, they can immediately establish that it is a James Bond film not only due to the special editing, but also the music. Bond has a world famous theme tune which is another trademark. In both the credit scenes of Goldfinger and Goldeneye, the soundtrack is sung by women with very strong, powerful voices who are Tina Turner and Shirley Bassie. The title of the film is continuously mentioned in the song and onscreen, there are silhouettes of girls or reflections of them on gold. This effect helps the audience to establish the genre of the film. The way Bond is introduced into each film usually has an impact on the audience. In Goldeneye, the audience sees a man on a mission dressed in black, however they are denied the mans identity, therefore many questions are raised such as Who is that? and What is he doing? . Suspense builds when the man does a bungee jump and the audience wonders why and whether he will survive or not. During this sequence, sound effects also add to the tension with plenty of diagetic sounds such as his footsteps, the plane and the loud gate. As the bungee jump is performed, there is a long silent and dramatic pause that is then broken by the sound of a gunshot which turns out to be one of Bonds numerous gadgets to draw him safely towards the ground. These all give the effect of action, drama and mystery which thrill the audience because it is exactly what they expect from a Bond film. In other films, Bond does not always appear in the opening sequence, and for instance, other men, whose identities are denied, will appear during the action and then may get killed to mislead the audience to wonder whether that was Bond who just died. However in Goldfinger, Bond enters in a wetsuit underwater, in low key lighting with a seagull on his head as a disguise. This time the only mystery is what Bond is up to but the use of a seagull creates humour and cuts any tension there may be within the audience. The audience then simply has to watch as Bond typically plants a bomb in the building. Once he completes this task, he simply removes his wetsuit to reveal an immaculately dressed secret agent in a dinner suit. This is a typical image of James Bond tiny characteristics such as his sartorial elegance is exactly what makes him such a unique character. In the opening sequence of Goldeneye, the loud diagetic sound of a plane is heard from a helicopter shot of an enormous dam which cuts straight to the man on a mission. The helicopter shot achieves the image of one man against an immense monolithic adversary which emphasises Bonds heroic figure. It is also clear to see that James Bond is typically British with his unusual politeness as well as his accent and dialogue. For example, in Goldeneye, he sneaks up on an enemy in the toilets and just before he punches the man, Bond says, Beg your pardon, forgot to knock. It is his iconic Englishness that also makes Bond a unique and memorable secret agent. James Bond is admired by women for his good looks and charms; however he does not always appear to be the perfect gentleman. Bond easily knows how to seduce a woman, by simply using his charms, although the audience does notice how quickly his behaviour changes in different situations. In Goldfinger, he is seen with three different women in the first few scenes alone. After seducing each one, he first uses one woman as a shield against an attacking enemy, and then later dismisses a woman in a rude and sexist manner. He appears to be charming but is remorselessly brutal when he needs to be. The way Bond quickly seduces different women, but never thinks about a more long-term partner emphasises the idea of working alone. James Bond is always working by himself never as part of a team and this also adds to his brave and heroic figure. There is always a villain in every Bond film, usually just as brutal as Bond and will do anything to defeat him. In Goldeneye the smartly dressed villain enters with an army of men aiming guns at Bond. When one of the men try to shoot Bond after being ordered not to, he is immediately shot by the villain. Similarly to Bond, the villain is brutal and feels no remorse for his actions. It seems the villain can never be any real threat towards Bond because all James Bond films have become predictable to a certain extent and the audience knows that the chances of Bond being killed are almost impossible. It is the special features of every Bond film such as the character of Bond, girls, villains, cars, gadgets, his iconic Englishness and of course the plot, which is what makes the Bond formula so successful. The James Bond franchise is so successful that spoofs have been created to try and match its fame, such as Austin Powers, but of course these could never match the success achieved by Bond.

Critical Events in 1968

Critical Events in 1968 1968 is described by historians as a â€Å"watershed year.† This is because of the major socio-political events that happened during this year in both Europe and the United States. A commendable number of lives were lost and innocent blood shed during this year in the United States. This paper investigates the events that made the year 1968, be described by historians as the â€Å"watershed year.†Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Events in 1968 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As stated above, the major historical events that happened in the year 1968 were ignited by the socio-political unrest that was prevailing at the time. The United States government had involved itself in the Vietnam War and there were a great number of people who were against the decision. This is because United States troops were being killed in increasing numbers in the war and the government had introduced a policy to b e forcing young boys to go to war after college to replace the troops. This was one of the main reasons why there were protests in the United States in this year (Trebay, 2004, p. 1). The protests were mainly conducted by students who were against the idea of going to war after college. These protests were countered by armed police who killed a number of innocent students. Although we had a couple of lessons to learn from these incidences of protests and innocent deaths, it is regrettable that innocent people had to die. Elsewhere in Germany, the students were not left behind (Fink, 1998, p. 51). They also protested the Vietnam War and extended their protests to reject their government. After attack by the police, the German students staged more protests against their government which led to the closure of universities in the country. In Britain, students also staged protests against the war and also against a speech made by a British politician about immigration. During the same ye ar, 1968, women in the United States began protests aimed at getting the same rights as men. This added to the already existing protesting masses of students in the streets. However, there were some positive things that happened during this year like the astronauts who circled the moon during the year (Fink, 1998, p. P. 43). Additionally, there was economic and political change brought about by major assassinations that were carried out in the year. Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr. were both executed in this year. Kennedy was assassinated in California after the announcement of his win of the primary of the state. The win, which was an indication that he would be the president, caused the assassination.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Among the political changes that took place following RFK’s death was the nomination of Richard Nixon by the Republicans who ev entually won the elections to become the president of the United States. Martin Luther was assassinated in Memphis after he was involved in negotiations meant to strike a deal between employees and management of sanitation workers who had gone on strike (Trebay, 2004, p. 1). The death of Martin Luther King Jr. also led to a number of protests. As evidenced in this discussion, the year 1968 was filled with protests initiated by a number of problems. These protests led to a number of innocent deaths which made the year enter in history books as one of the most tumultuous years in the history of the United States and Europe. Although most of the events that took place in 1968 are undesirable, we should be happy that they took place since they taught us many important lessons. Bibliography Fink, Carole. (1998). 1968: The World Transformed. California. Barnes Noble. Trebay, Guy. (2004). Ideas Trends; 1968: That was the year that was. The New York Times.

How does an early years setting ensure children are safe versus their Essay

How does an early years setting ensure children are safe versus their need for risky play - Essay Example Children usually want to and participate in risky or challenging varieties of play although, and to a certain extent, it involves the risk of getting injured or hurt. Because of the safety concerns of the Western culture, the issue of risky play in early years and the degree such play should be monitored and regulated are crucial and continuous debates (Greenfield 2003). These debates on play safety have generated safety proceedings and legislation from concerned child care workers and parents. This has invoked further disputes on the balance between the benefits of risky play for child development on one hand, and safety proceedings and litigations on the other hand (New, Mardell & Robinson 2005). Normally, play occurs under the supervision of adults, hence controlling what children are permitted to do and where they are permitted to go (Gill 2007). For this reason, adults are influencing the safety of children when playing, and, simultaneously, they embody the greatest limitation on the child’s capability of experiencing challenges and risks that are eventually favourable for development (Gill 2007). A persistent argument in the literature is the children gain developmentally from taking risk, and that too much protection from risk can hamper development. In a continuously evolving world, environmental and social aspects have significantly affected children’s opportunities for emotionally and physically challenging play. Where previously youngsters may have played in the street, playing ball games, riding bicycles or playing other outdoor activities, increased road hazards has made the streets and play opportunities restricted to children as the risk or perils are extremely high. Children nowadays are confined to their houses or designated areas for relatively secured places to play. Still even these are transforming (Ball 2002). With increasing populations, the enlarged need for

Green Capitalism and Leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Green Capitalism and Leadership - Research Paper Example Industrialism and capitalism only proved that skyscrapers enriched the few but have caused poverty to about 1.2 billion (Mindfully.org, 2011). Many nations are complaining poor access to potable water and urban communities are inhaling unhealthy air. Poverty have ill-motivated people to do and adopt measures beyond standards that caused calamities and disasters. World Watched documented about 120,000 people killed and unaccounted millions of people pushed in the margin of displacement, by war or by disasters (Mindfully.org, 2011). In Asia, Japan recently suffered the devastation caused by tsunami after a magnitude of earthquake hit them while India and Pakistan complained of hunger and poor access to resources after they experienced political marginalization and floodings respectively. The inability of some government to develop land use plan and to enforce population control forced people to live in flood-prone valleys and vulnerable sites of the hills sides (Mindfully.org, 2011; Wo rldWatch, 2011). World Watch also cited that climate change and consequential disasters incurred economic losses of $8.5 billion in Central America in 1998, an amount perceived commensurate to the combined gross national products of Honduras and Nicaragua (WorldWatch, 2011). There were however positive actions that motivated hundred of nations to partake ecological protection and measures for rehabilitation, reconstruction and rebuilding of affected communities. United Nations bodies have also started advocating for the use of renewable energies, organic farming, reforestration, vegetarianism as well as of green policy development (WorldWatch, 2011). It called all diverse nations to take part in healing nature and lessen the impact of global warming. This prospect challenge United... Green economy is an emerging environmental philosophy focused on climate change issues and about green career challenges. Green Economics, as a political framework, provides a holistic context of reality that human beings are part of nature and thus must recognize our difference, diversity, equity and inclusiveness as a community. It debunked the concept of anthropocentrism and liberal capitalism as a system. Its philosophy is founded on managing economy for nature and manage the environment. As a philosophical precept, it thoroughly evaluated the inconsistencies, deficiencies, conventions, and other normative thoughts amongst neo-classical economists. Green economy values ecological foundations and its relations with resources, work, wealth and money. It proposes a discourse that questions the conventional market viz-a-viz ecological sustainability, social justice, and peace. It establish an agenda by examining global political economy; regulating market and the state; and evaluate the transition to an alternative economy with special concern of ensuring habitable planet for the next generations. Profit, prices, market and competition are not regarded in the ecology philosophy. Its basic precept is to meet needs and not to increase powers of the capitalists in the market.

Gender and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gender and Development - Essay Example ever, as 60 million girls disappear each year (many from Asian countries) as a result of sexual crimes, and one third of the population of women around the world experience some form of violence. In addition to this 4 million women and girls are trafficked every year, while approximately one million girls enter the sex trade. Before delving further into the issue of violence against women, it is important that a firm definition of what the subject matter is be established. There is actually no universally accepted definition of violence against women. Some advocates of human rights prefer broad definitions that include poverty and unequal access to education and health to describe acts of violence against women. Some however prefer a more narrow definition so that the actual descriptive power of the term is not lost (Kapoor, 2000). According to Dean Kilpatrick, Director of the Medical University of South Carolina’s National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Centre, the debate as to whether to define violence against women broadly or narrowly is â€Å"old, fierce and unlikely to be resolved in the future† (DeKeseredy, 2011). Likewise, debates about terminologies are also prevalent. Whatever the case maybe, the need for a concrete and specific definition is important so that research, monitoring and policy-making can become more specific as well as applicable cross-culturally (Kapoor, 2000). According to the World Health Organization (2011), the United Nations defines violence against women as â€Å"any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life. The above definition has recognized that violence against women is one of the most fundamental social mechanisms wherein women are forcibly placed on lower positions as compared with men. In addition it has also

Language Arts Action Research Essay Example for Free

Language Arts Action Research Essay Classroom Management Inquiry: An Applied Study of Language Arts Data Zoo Southern Illinois university Daredevils Brian Walker Johnson, Literacy Faculty Inquiry into Teaching and Learning Project CLC 445 Language Arts at Elementary and Middle Levels November 22, 2013 Classroom Management Inquiry: An Applied Study of Language Arts The main phenomenon I have concentrated on throughout my Inquiry into Teaching and Learning Project for my applied study of language arts Is the role that speaking, writing, viewing, visually representing, reading and listening play in the management of an elementary school classroom. I have come to understand that classroom management is one of the hardest duties off beginning teacher. Being respected by students and colleagues is what establishes a teacher as an authority, and effective classroom management is a start towards this goal. Managing my students has been the hardest part of my school experience thus far, and I hoped that allowing language arts to become an active part of my management processes would allow my students to think more critically about their actions. When I began his inquiry study, I believed that writing classroom rules together, reading classroom rules critically, speaking and listening to how rules are applied, and viewing and visually representing class rules in daily walk and conversation might give students a sense of ownership over their classroom and greater respect for teachers. I thought the benefit of using language arts for classroom management might be measured by closer examination of critical conversations students have when rules are broken. So I proposed the following action research question: How does student behavior hanged when students read, write, speak, listen, view, or visually represent apparent misbehaver? Waxier (2007) suggests that written action plans which give older elementary students responsibility for their actions changes misbehaver. Research by Smith (2009) demonstrates that the use of other language arts with preschoolers can have the same effect. Reading these studies motivated me to pursue classroom arts. Method Secondary Sources to Answer Research Question I began my research into how student behavior changes when language arts are integrated into classroom management practices by reviewing two secondary resources. My first source, Blending Effective Behavior Management and Literacy Strategies for Preschoolers Exhibiting Negative Behavior by Smith (2009), was published in a peer reviewed early childhood education Journal specializing in articles that summarize a number of experimental studies. Smiths (2009) summary of research gave the ideas in the article greater validity. Some of the findings Smith (2009) shared described classroom management techniques I have personally experienced as effective. Smiths (2009) findings are limited to studies done with reechoes students, but I believe the findings can be used with older students as well. Unlike Smith (2009), my second source, Waxier (2007), was not published in a peer reviewed Journal. Washers eBook, teach: A Teacher Resource for Learning the Strategies of Master Teachers, was self-published. However, the authors online biography points to decades spent as a professional teacher and consultant who has helped hundreds of elementary teachers improve their classroom management. Waxier, like Smith, also describes a number of management techniques that I have found to be helpful in the past. Primary Source Data to Answer Research Question I continued my research into how student behavior changes when language arts are integrated into classroom management practices by collecting primary sources of data from my third grade classroom. The third grade classroom where I student teach is located in Roseville, Illinois, near the Mississippi River Just north of SST. Louis, Missouri. The third grade at Roseville Elementary School consists of 25 Caucasian students, 13 boys and 12 girls. Well over 70% of these students are on free or reduced lunch programs, suggesting that their families are struggling with poverty. However, the academic achievement of these students is especially high in language arts, evidenced by the schools online report card. These students may represent an exception to the thought that poverty dictates low academic achievement. I began my research into how elementary student behavior changes when language arts are integrated into classroom management practices by conducting classroom observations and collecting artifacts. My classroom observations were done by filling out five observations forms over 1 5 minute intervals over a period of six weeks. I simply observed moments in the life of my student teaching classroom where misbehaver was occurring. Then, using the left hand column of my observation form, I wrote what I saw my teacher and student informants doing during these 15-20 minute snapshots of instruction, scripting the instruction to the best of my ability. I included exactly what I heard and saw. On the same days I made my observations, I went home and read over what I had written. Then, using the right hand column of my observation form, I summarized the instructional moments I saw in my written observations that I thought related to engage arts instruction and changing student misbehaver. Finally, in a different column that: 1) documented which of the language arts were being used in the instructional moment you summarized; 2) described how I thought an additional element of language arts could have been incorporated into the instructional moment. Together with artifacts including written action plans by students to correct misbehaver, photos of room arrangement, copies of class rules, and student/teacher interviews, patterns of how misbehaver changed as a result of language arts applications began to emerge. I believe these patterns are valid because they are supported by three different kinds of primary source data: my observations, informant interviews, and classroom artifacts. My initial primary source data response to the question, How does student behavior change when students read, write, speak, listen, view, or visually represent apparent misbehaver? , emerged after examining data collected midway through my study with colleagues in my Language Arts at Element ary and Middle Levels class at Southern Illinois University Daredevils. I began to see at first that Reading, writing, or speaking about subversive changes misbehaver. As I continued to gather data, it became evident that all of the language arts gave misbehaving students opportunities for reflection that changed misbehaver. Results Results of my analysis of primary source data in the form of five 1 5 minute observations over five weeks, three student interviews, one cooperating teacher interview, and seven artifacts of student work in classroom management demonstrate that use of all of the six language arts gave misbehaving students opportunities for reflection that changed their misbehaver.