Information Technology - Questions to be answered Essay

Data Technology - Questions to be replied - Essay Example Master frameworks (when all is said in done every emblematic framework) and neural systems are two rival ways to deal with Artificial Intelligence, both having distinctive application territories inside this extension. master framework configuration may take a very long time of get-together data and testing. Then again, a neural system might be structured and prepared in a couple of days after most models related with the space are assembled. A decent general guideline is if the standards are not very much characterized and there is a great deal of preparing information at that point utilize neural system approach. On the off chance that there are no models accessible, at that point an old style master framework approach might be taken. Aside from this, there are obviously other measures for choosing which way to deal with follow: Master framework innovation is a full grown and all around communicated innovation which is at present accessible. it tends to be expressed that the craving for expanded information has brought master frameworks out of the exploration research centers into the workplace. Master frameworks are acceptable at procedural sorts of issues, for example, methodology, planning, and educating. They are better than manuals since they ask the client just important data, they join past understanding into taking care of the issue, and they answer inquiries concerning their thinking procedure [17]. Information warehousing can guarantee that an organization stays gainful as... 2. Summarize how an information distribution center may turn into an endurance issue for an organization Information warehousing can guarantee that an organization stays productive as it can support organizations and shoppers slice through the pursuit and offer a progressively significant assistance to both purchaser and business, or they can be utilized so as to hurt the business, the buyer or both. With this possibly enormous force comes colossal obligation. Organizations that decide to take part in information warehousing exercises ought to have set up a specialized group for execution, yet in addition a sound information security strategy just as a moral use strategy. These approaches ought to be made accessible to the buyers whose data is put away inside the distribution center. The accompanying table sums up the seven fantasies and counter-legends talked about in this paper, sorted out by an incentive to the customer, business and society in general. Source: (Joseph Cazier and Ryan LaBrie, 7 Myths of Common Data Warehousing Practices: An assessment of customer, business and cultural worth. 2003) 3. ERP, CRM and other behemoth calculated data frameworks speak to behemoth physical frameworks. Thoroughly analyze whether such behemoth theoretical frameworks hinder an association's physical framework and its capacity to be deft The expression dexterous association alludes to an association that can react in an ongoing enough manner to circumstances that sway the wellbeing and prosperity of the associations and its partners. Turning out to be spry normally includes a blend of procedure re-building just as the sending of utilization, framework and the executives abilities with the objective of removing time and cost from business forms, while improving the nature of these

France †Change over Time Essay (French Revolution) Essay

*As the title demonstrates, this is a change/coherence AP paper composed for World History class. Ambiguously, the article question was: Describe change and congruity in France from the mid-1700s to the mid-1800s.*Like numerous other European countries in the 1700’s, France encountered a sensational move of estimations against the government, honorability, and Catholic Church as the individuals, terminated by stirring new Enlightenment goals, started to address authority and underscore the requirement for correspondence, freedom, and majority rule government. The social and political changes in France were best portrayed by three unique periods †the frail government of King Louis XVI and the resulting time of disarray after his expulsion from power, the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte and his defeat, and the new request achieved by the Congress of Vienna; key to these progressions were Enlightenment impact, patriotism, and France’s relations with different nations. Notw ithstanding, in spite of the incredible social changes of this timespan, sexual orientation jobs stayed pretty much unaltered and despite the fact that ladies had started to awaken the possibility of women’s rights, minimal changed in the way that society saw ladies since men despite everything held monetary force. France was the most progressive nation of Europe in the 1700’s, home to many driving thinkers, for example, Voltaire and Montesquieu. In spite of its conspicuousness, it was encountering household insecurity and common agitation. The reserved King Louis XVI gave little consideration to what was going on outside his rich court and couldn't control the uprisings when they began springing up. Spurred by Enlightenment thoughts, the lower classes started to request equity and freedom. At the point when their requests were not met, they raged the French jail Bastille on July 14, 1789 and the insurgency was genuinely in progress. The National Assembly turned into the prevailing political force, removing the medieval benefits of the First and Second Estates and building up power over chapel lands. It made a restricted established government, giving Legislative capacity to the Assembly. Careful about uprisings inside their own fringes, Austria and Prussia endeavored to safeguard total government in Europe by controlling the French insurgency. The Legislative Assembly reacted by putting aside the Constitution of 1791, dismissing the ruler, and making another overseeing body. A subsequent Reign of Terror followed during which the Jacobins, and later on Robespierre, picked up power and organized a period ofâ wide spread executions and radical arrangements. It was during this period that utilization of the guillotine got famous. Inevitably, the Reign of Terror was ousted and a moderate government under the Directory was introduced. This period saw France change from an outright government to a time of radical guideline at that point at long last to a progressively moderate type of government. All through this, ladies assumed a key job in encouraging the spread of thoughts by opening their salons to Enlightenment masterminds, making a situation for new methods of reasoning to shape and multiply. Be that as it may, they had minimal direct force were still observed as sub-par compared to man, yet new Enlightenment beliefs of ba lance. The Directory picked capable military pioneer, Napoleon Bonaparte, to get general of the French armed force; he later proceeded onward to get one of three advice holding official force. Be that as it may, Napoleon’s overthrow d’etat would put all of France under his influence and return France to an outright government. Napoleon’s rule accomplished numerous Enlightenment standards notwithstanding his Hobbes-like arrangements; he evened out tax assessment, fixed the degenerate government, found some kind of harmony among state and church power, and made the Napoleonic Code. He figured out how to suppress the Austrian danger in spite of the fact that he didn't prevail in Egypt. Napoleon got some distance from the New World and looked for, rather, to make French strength in Europe, vanquishing many neighboring nations and setting up power over Spain and Portugal. Tragically, his three mix-ups †the Continental System, the Peninsular War, and the attack of Russia †in the long run caused his destruction. The Fourth Coalition, contained Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden, and Austria, vanquished Napoleon and banished him to the island of Elba. Notwithstanding a short endeavor to recover control of France, called the Hundred Days, Napoleon could never again command France. During Napoleon’s rule, France saw the arrival of the outright ruler. Notwithstanding, developing patriotism realized Napoleon’s expulsion from power. This period is additionally set apart by the congruity of woman’s job in France. In spite of the turbulent occasions of the time, ladies saw little change in their privileges and status. Savants like Mary Wollstonecraft discovered little help for her thoughts and France legislative issues and society kept on being a male commanded field. After Napoleon’s expulsion from power, the Congress of Vienna, involved Prussia, Russia, Austria, Britain, and France, met to manufacture harmony. Utilizing traditionalist polices, the guide of Europe was redrawn to guarantee the perceived leverage and rulers were reestablished, made harmony in Europe until 1853. Nonetheless, the French upset had flared a help for patriotism as more vanquished countries requested self-rule; most of the uprisings were ineffective. France had a last upheaval had evacuated the government for good and set up a just republic. France had at last made the progress from total government to majority rules system. With this change came numerous social changes, for example, the finish of serfdom in Western Europe and the diminished influence of the respectability and the expanded significance of riches in deciding influence. Ladies kept on working for women’s rights, including testimonial, however were met with apathetic reactions. Truth be told, in spite of the radical political changes France had experienced, sexual orientation jobs scarcely changed by any means, showing the coherence of women’s status from the hour of Louis XVI to after the Congress of Vienna. On a worldwide scale, the essential patterns of the French Revolution were fundamentally the same as those of the American Revolution. Both were blazed by Enlightenment masterminds supporting fairness and freedom and popular government over government and Church control. Both would energize different uprisings later on †the American Revolutionary thoughts would spread to Latin America while French Revolution feelings would achieve revolts in Germany, Hungary, and different pieces of Europe. Woman’s rights additionally remained somewhat static in the two regions of the world; it would be a few additional prior years women’s rights were considered truly. The principle contrast, in any case, lay in the way that while the US essentially isolated itself from Britain authority, France experienced the entire change, from outright government to popular government, in spite of the times of turmoil in the middle. The 1700’s was a time of extraordinary change in Europe, and France’s movement from supreme government to majority rules system shows the developments of Enlightenment masterminds and the development of patriotism and the new significance of local steadiness and a fulfilled lower class. Three unmistakable timeframes †Louis XVI’s rule and the Reign of Terror, Napoleon’s rule, and Europe following the Congress of Vienna †represented this significant political change. All through the political change, in any case, was progression in women’s rights and status. Sex jobs remained to a great extent the equivalent. There were numerous equals between the French Revolution and the American Revolution, portraying a universal pattern †the developing intensity of vote based governments. List of sources All data from AP World History textbookWorld Civilizations: The Global Experience, Third Edition, AP* Edition

Has Wikipedia influenced the way we gather information Research Paper

Has Wikipedia impacted the manner in which we accumulate data - Research Paper Example These progressions have helped us to show signs of improvement and better. Cell phone can be professed to be the symbol of Information Technology as today all around there are more than 6 billion versatile associations and around 4 billion of these have a place with remarkable shoppers, it tends to be suggested that two out of three individuals on earth have wireless. The mobile phone endorsers are expanding quickly. SMS is a well known help that mobile phone clients profit, in 2012, 2.19 trillion SMS were sent and gotten by the American populace (Wireless Federation, 2013). Over the span of conveying through short messages an astonishing marvel has surfaced. It is that SMS - probably the least expensive method of correspondence because of which this methodology of correspondence is generally mainstream among youthful endorsers, particularly understudies. A concentrate from a school girl’s SMS is: My smmr hols wr CWOT. B4, we utilized 2go2 NY 2C my brother, his GF and thr 3 :- kids FTF. ILNY, it's a gr8 plc. [3] †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.(BBC, 2003) It might be trying for a sexagenarian to fathom this message, few may accept it as a yield from an electronic transliteration instrument. A more critical gander at the content being traded by understudies include alternate ways, homophones, exclusions, emojis, grammatical mistakes, local language, initials, abbreviations, less difficult tenses just as action words and the accentuation has been utilized in an alternate structure. In this data age, this new decision of correspondence has come up and it has numerous names, as txt talk, txtese, txto, chatspeak, txt language, SMSish, txtslang and so on. The little youngsters and understudies utilize an alternate sort of language while messaging, the truth of the matter is obvious from the above refered to content. Appropriately, various academicians, specialists and others have reverberated their interests about the chance of language crumbling. Surviving companion checked o n writing distributed on inquire about completed by specialists in Bangladesh, Pakistan, Malaysia sets that textese is famous in evolved nations as well as it is similarly mainstream in creating nations (Ahmad, Nurullah and Sarkar, 2010) (Aziz, Shamim , Aziz and Priya , 2013) (Jungesj, 2011). Textese is progressively appearing as a troublesome medium, it has entered the person to person communication space as well as is beginning to topple email composing. With the sort of acknowledgment and degree of appropriation, etymologists are interested at the manner in which the correspondence through writings is affecting the language of the clients. According to etymologists, textese has a show however it isn't organized and it is less modern. The explanation that language in textese has advanced is that in light of the fact that the show is very easy to understand, to the degree that composing a textese gives off an impression of being as east as talking. Another valid justification for t he fame of textese could be that a client can enter in the message at fast. At the end of the day, on account of the specified length of content that is 160 characters †a client can pack part more data when contrasted and syntactically right English. Besides, a more profound investigation of textese demonstrates that it has various short-structures like LOL †Laugh Out Loud, ROTFL †Rolling On The Floor Laughing. A particular site records more than 1100 smileys and abbreviations those structure a piece of textese. Articulations like LOL can be viewed as a marker of convenience, some call these as down to earth particles as they are

Experience Versus Genetics The Question of Identity in Ishiguro, Descartes, and Modern Science - Literature Essay Samples

In Kazuo Ishiguro’s novel Never Let Me Go, while the genetic makeup of the model does have some bearing on the life of the clone, it is severely limited by the increased importance of individual experience in the development of identity and personality. In order to be perfectly identical clones in all aspects, mental and physical, every facet of the clone’s life must mirror that of the model precisely. Philosopher Rene Descartes asserts that the mind, the place where independent thought takes place, is what determines existence by that logic, the mind is more important to the self than the body. While identical genetics play a very important role in not only determining physical appearance but also any predisposition for developing certain diseases and disorder, any effect genetics has on the mental development of a clone is overpowered by the clone’s differing experiences throughout his or her formative year, as experience shapes the deep, intrinsic core of a pe rson’s identity. Moreover, the formative years, as well as adolescence and young adulthood, are the basis for individuality; any difference in experience drives the identity of the clone away from congruence with that of the model. In brief, though genetics can influence life, personal experience develops and shapes it in a way that a purely physical variable cannot, thereby making it impossible for a clone with a different life to perfectly mirror his or her model. The identical genetic makeup of the clone and the model cause certain facets of their lives to resemble one another through twin anatomical structures and the genetic predisposition towards certain traits, diseases, and disorders. Naturally, the model being physically identical to the clone down to the last nitrogenous base in his or her DNA results in some similarities, indicating that the model of a clone does have some significance beyond a simple technical necessity. Body type influences the activities a person participates in: naturally athletic, fit people are encouraged to play sports, while a child who is smaller or uncoordinated might instead become adept at chess. Tommy, for example, inherited impressive size and strength (Ishiguro 15) from his model, and throughout his time at Hailsham excels at sports, often seen playing football. Kathy describes him as a good runner who could open up ten, fifteen yards (Ishiguro 15) between himself and the rest of his male peers. Because Tommys model is physically identical to him, the model would have the same physical prowess and intimidating stature, though perhaps specializing in a different sport. In addition to the obvious physical component, particular genes cause a high risk of acquiring [a disease] (Genes and human disease), meaning someone with a particular gene or combination of genes is more susceptible to developing a certain mental or physical disease. Two individuals with perfectly identical genes have exactly the same risk of developing the same diseases. The scope of diseases potentially affected by genetic predisposition is extraordinarily wide, including powerhouse diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, as well as obesity and even mental illnesses. For example, if Tommys model had had a genetic predisposition towards developing asthma, or cardiac disease, or even cancer, Tommy would have as well; in fact, Tommy’s nasty temper and lack of friends could be the result of a genetic predisposition towards borderline personality disorder, a mental illness causing â€Å"intense mood swings, impulsive behaviors, severe difficulties with relationships, and [low] self-worth† (Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)). Essentially, though genes affect the lives of the clones and models, they affect them in identical ways, thereby causing certain facets of their lives to be the same.T he model cannot be a perfect blueprint for the life of the clone due to the bearing individual differences in their experiences t hroughout life have on the development of the complete person, and the relative importance of the mind in determining one’s existence. Indeed, the clones and their models were raised in wildly different environments from birth, thereby altering the relative congruence of their identities. Clones were raised in highly variable environments, ranging from â€Å"deplorable conditions† to â€Å"humane, cultivated environments† (Ishiguro 261), both of which diverge from the average childhood of the time. Furthermore, the clones are always somewhat cognizant of the fact they were not average children, particularly at Hailsham, where they are told and not told (Ishiguro 81) of their purpose. Though they were not fully aware of why, every student knew he or she was different from the people outside (Ishiguro 68), and constantly reminded of such by the Guardians. The constant differentiation between the clones and their counterparts creates a conscious divergence in the two identities; while the counterparts see themselves as normal, the clones recognize that they are different in some fundamental way. Equally i mportant, the different people influencing the clones throughout their lives significantly alter their personality. While the average child has parents, siblings, and other family members surrounding them as they grow and develop, clones have only the Guardians and their own peers. Although the Guardians could be viewed as parental figures, they were not permitted to show physical affection or display any favoritism such behavior was considered bending the rules (Ishiguro 60). Any parent shows favoritism towards his or her own children, such is the nature of parenthood; the clones have no one in their lives telling them that they are special among the others, no one who they know for certain love them best. They grow up without the support system of a family, not knowing the feeling of acceptance that comes with loving familial relationships. Naturally, this alters their perceptions of others and of themselves. In the same way, the clones peers could be seen as siblings, but their p ropensity towards having sex with one another defies the bounds of kinship. As a general rule among intelligent societies, siblings by blood or otherwise should not have sex with one another, not only due to the potential consequences affecting any child born of those relations but the principle of the act. The clones know this, as they are well educated and aware of the conventions of society; that being said, they have no issue having sex with one another, and therefore do not see one another as siblings. Without siblings, the clones do not have the same intensely competitive, yet protective and loving type of relationship that siblings share. Moreover, Rene Descartes states that as long as he can convince himself of it, as long as he thinks he exists, â€Å"then [he] certainly existed† (Descartes, 17). This explanation of existence places the utmost importance on the mind, as it is where thought takes place. He also says the physical senses often deceive, and â€Å"it is prudent never to trust completely those who have deceived us even once† (Descartes, 12), casting doubt onto the very existence of the body. If the body does not truly exist, then it cannot hold more importance than the mind in the process of human development. Therefore, the mind will have more effect on the development of a person than the body. He proclaims it in the full title of his Second Meditation, â€Å"The nature of the human mind, and how it is better known than the body†; though his project is one of radical skepticism in which he doubts the existence of all that which seems certain, Descartes’ logic asserts that the senses and the very existence of the body are unsure, but the existence of the mind, the center of thought, is certain. The differences in the environments the clones and models grew up in, as well as the different relationships developed throughout their lives, prevent perfect congruence with one another; simply put, they lived different lives and are therefore different people. Consequently, although genetics links the clone and the model together, it is the mind and the development of the full human person which dictates the course of the clone’s life, as the mind is the true substance of the self. The model is more than a technical necessity, yet is not so important as to determine precisely the course of the clone’s destiny. Though he or she may look exactly the same as his or her model, a clone is a unique individual like any naturally produced human. They are entirely capable of independent thought and form their own personality with idiosyncrasies and flaws through the same process of cognitive development that any other human would; the only difference between the average human and a clone is their point of origin. In fact, cloning as it is described in Never Let Me Go continues to dominate ethics discussions around the world, in classrooms, courtrooms, chambers of legislature and beyond. Humanity strives to heart disease, struggles to help terminal patients receive the vital organ transplant they need for a chance to survive; right now, those organs come from organ donors who recently died. When the technology to easily and efficiently copy humans becomes available, cloning will become a polarizing issue in politics both national and international, but the issue at its core will not change. People will still have to die in order for others to live. The clones will be people, admittedly created in a nontraditional manner, yet people with personalities and thoughts all the same. What the world has to decide is whether or not they are willing to make these people’s origin determinate of their destiny. Bibliography 1. De Chant, Rosie. Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Sutter Health. Ed. Nancy Brown. Palo Alto Medical Foundation, n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2016. 2. What Does It Mean to Have a Genetic Predisposition to a Disease? Genetics Home Reference. U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2016. 3. WHO | Genes and Human Disease. World Health Organization. World Health Organization, n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2016. 4. Ishiguro, Kazuo. Never Let Me Go. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. Print.

List of 130 Mass Nouns (Or Noncount Nouns) in English

Have you ever wondered why you can have two plates of spaghetti but not  two spaghettis? Or two bags of rice  but not two rices? Most nouns In English grammar are like the words plate and bag: they can be counted. Count nouns, as theyre called,  have both  singular  and  plural  forms, such as one  diamond and four  diamonds. But theres also a group of nouns  that cant be counted. These mass nouns  (which are sometimes called  noncount nouns)  usually have only singular forms—spaghetti, rice, and gold, for example. Count nouns in the singular can follow an indefinite article (or another determiner): a plate, a bag, one  diamond. Mass nouns, on the other hand, usually dont follow an indefinite article, though they can follow certain determiners (such as much or less). At times the distinction between count nouns and mass nouns gets a little fuzzy. For example, the word water is usually treated as a mass noun, but in some contexts water can take the -s ending: Hammerhead sharks are found worldwide in  warmer waters  along coastlines and continental shelves. The word chicken is another fuzzy example. When were talking about the meat (We had chicken again for dinner), chicken is a mass noun. But when were referring to the animal (The cat chased the chickens out of the garden), chicken is a count noun. Keep this fuzziness in mind as you review the following list of 130 mass nouns in English. In certain contexts, some of these nouns can take an -s ending. Also, note that a number of these words can be used as more than one part of speech. The sentences in parentheses illustrate how the words are used as nouns. admiration (I have a deep  admiration for  any writer whose books stay in print.)advice (As usual, my brother gave me some bad advice.)air (The air in the storeroom was musty and cold.)anger (Whenever you get angry, you poison your own system.)anticipation (Anticipation is usually greater  than realization.)assistance (I need your assistance with these problems.)awareness (Awareness of problems is  no guarantee they will be solved.)bacon (I associate  the smell of bacon  with Sunday mornings.)baggage (At the airport I lost my baggage but found a new friend.)blood (Churchill said, I have nothing to offer but  blood, toil, tears, and sweat.)bravery (It takes a great deal of bravery to stand up to our enemies, but just as much to stand up to our friends.)chess (I played two games of chess with myself.)clay (The birds built their nests out of clay.)clothing (The vast majority of  donated clothing  is exported overseas.)coal (Coal was burned as a fuel in China more than 3,000 years ago.)compliance (The building was  not in compliance with local  fire codes.)comprehension (Comprehension cant take place when students are distracted.)confusion (If confusion is the first step  to knowledge, I must be a genius.)consciousness  (Nobody knows how  many fundamental  forms of consciousness  exist in the human brain.)cream (My favorite dessert is strawberries and cream.)darkness (Education is the movement from darkness to light.)diligence (The supervisors lack of diligence led to  disasters of gigantic proportions.)dust (Their faces were caked with orange dust.)education (Education is the movement from  darkness  to light.)empathy (Socially skilled people are adept at managing teams: thats their empathy at work.)enthusiasm (Even small rewards may spark the childrens enthusiasm and ambitions.)envy (She saw envy in the eyes of her friends.)equality (The  global challenge of achieving full gender  equality and human rights  for women re mains enormous.)equipment (We used camels to carry all our equipment and provisions.)evidence (The investigators looked for evidence in the debris.)feedback (Negative feedback is better than no feedback at all.)fitness (Fitness and good health are the result of a change in lifestyle.)flattery (Sue wasnt deceived by their flattery and lies.)foliage (Late summer and fall bring bright  fruits and colorful foliage.)fun (Tom  liked being around our family for  the fun we had and our big fancy dinners.)furniture (Jane looked around at the bare walls and broken furniture.)garbage (The skunk fell asleep in the garbage bin.)gold (The crown was made of gold and precious stones.)gossip (The only time people dislike gossip is when you gossip about them.)grammar (I studied English grammar in grammar school.)gratitude (The hiker expressed her gratitude  to the boys who had rescued her.)gravel (The path to the beach was made of gravel.)guilt (If you do the right thing, you wont feel any gu ilt.)happiness (Happiness isnt something you experience; its something you remember.)hardware (Until its loaded with software, a computer is just a piece of hardware.)hate (Hate cannot drive out hate, Dr. King said. Only love can do that.)hay (The children played in the hay all day.)health (Good health is something that most of take for granted.)heat (If you cant stand the heat, get out of the kitchen.)help (When he couldnt put out the fire by himself, John went to get help.)hesitation (When the alarms went off, Bruno acted without hesitation.)homework (Jorge decided to finish his homework before going out.)honesty (A good relationship is based on honesty.)honor/honour (Our parents deserve our honor and respect for giving us life itself.)hospitality (I thanked Maries mother for her hospitality.)hostility (New immigrants are sometimes  met with hostility  from older immigrants.)humanity (Though Earl had been mistreated, he never lost his faith in humanity.)humility (Gratitude and humility are the true keys to success.)ice (Franklins ship was stuck in the ice.)immortality (The key to immortality is living a life worth remembering.)independence (Texas declared independence in  1836 and joined the U.S. in 1845.)information (There is  too much information and not  enough time.)integrity (The most important character trait of a leader is integrity.)intimidation (The boss  used intimidation to keep his staff in line.)jargon (The doctors jargon confused the patient.)  jealousy (Passion can quickly turn into jealousy.)jewelry (Jennifer left her jewelry on the dressing table.)justice (Justice delayed is justice denied.)knowledge (A good decision is based on knowledge and not on numbers.)literacy (My parents gave me the gift of literacy.)logic (Logic is the beginning of wisdom, not the end.)luck (Dans luck ran out when his van ran out of gas.)lumber (A truckload of  lumber was stolen from  the sawmill.)luggage (The airline lost my luggage.)mail (The let ter carrier delivered my mail to the wrong address.)management (Poor management leads to low morale and inefficiency.)merchandise (The expensive merchandise sat on the shelves gathering dust.)milk (Drinking too much milk can spoil a childs appetite.)morale (Poor  management  leads to low morale and inefficiency.)mud (The detective noticed that the suspect had mud on his shoes.)music (I cant listen to music while Im trying to write.)nonsense (Its nonsense to think that you can lose weight just by taking a pill.)oppression (Sooner or later, oppression leads to rebellion.)optimism (Optimism is an important part of good leadership.)oxygen (The diver ran out of oxygen before reaching the surface.)participation (Participation in school sports often has a positive effect on childrens grades.)pay (The strikers demanded higher pay.)peace (We wanted only to be  left alone, to live in peace.)perseverance (With perseverance and passion you can achieve your goals.)pessimism (Jill couldnt p ut up with Wills unrelenting pessimism.)pneumonia (Winston has just  recovered from a bout of pneumonia.)poetry (Peters poetry is pretty awful.)police (Mrs. Sanchez  called the police last night.)pride (Johns pride was hurt by Joans sarcastic remarks.)privacy (J.D. Salinger valued his privacy.)propaganda (Propaganda helps people to deceive themselves.)public (The young violinist lacked the confidence to perform in public.)punctuation (Punctuation is the written expression of pauses and gestures.)recovery (The insurance agency assisted in the recovery of the stolen jewels.)rice (Rice is the  most important food crop in the developing world.)rust (Achilles  scraped the rust off the  head of his spear)satisfaction (Success is finding satisfaction in giving a little more than you take.)shame (Imagine  the shame of being caught cheating!)sheep (Merino  sheep are an important source of high-quality wool.)slang (Slang is a sport that belongs essentially to the young.)software (Until its loaded with software, a computer is just a piece of  hardware.)spaghetti (Pauls favorite food is spaghetti.)stamina (It takes stamina and persistence to succeed in any sport.)starvation (The early American colonists faced the risk of starvation.)steam (Steam was the  first great power source of the industrial age.)steel (In 1943 all  pennies in the U.S. were made of steel.)stuff (Nobody was allowed to touch my Dads stuff.)support (Maria knew that she could depend on the support of her mother.)sweat (Churchill said, I have nothing to offer but  blood, toil, tears, and sweat.)thunder (Thunder rumbled over the  western hills.)timber (Basswood is the best timber for building pulpits.)toil  (Churchill said, I have nothing to offer but  blood, toil, tears, and  sweat.)traffic (The traffic was so bad that we had to give up and go back home.)training (Birdie injured her knee while  she was in training  for a marathon.)trash (The dog had emptied the trash all over the kitchen floor.)understanding (I have only a limited understanding of basic physics.)valor (The soldiers exhibited  valor in the face of  extreme peril.)vehemence (John was surprised by the vehemence of Joans response.)violence (Violence never achieves peace)warmth (She felt the warmth of the breeze on her arms.)waste  (Poor planning led to an enormous waste of time and money.)weather (Bad weather slowed the recovery efforts.)wheat (Wheat is the most  important source of vegetable protein in our food.)wisdom (When the fight started, Pete had the wisdom to call a time-out.)work (The fire was the work of a careless burglar.)

The Use Of Hippocampal Neurons On Memory - 3163 Words

Abstract: Optogenetics has been used to show that activating a specific ensemble of hippocampal neurons that contribute to a memory engram can erase or even alter a memory. The purpose of the study was to use optogenetics and the addition of an external stimuli to try and create a false memory. Neurons of mice were labeled with a light-sensitive channel during the exploration of a safe room. Mice were then placed in a new room and given foot shocks while simultaneously using light pulses to activate the neurons that had been previously labeled in the safe room. After being placed back into the safe room, mice exhibited freezing responses. A false memory of fear was created in these mice as they demonstrated freezing behavior in the room in which they had not been shocked. Multiple methods have been used to manipulate neuronal pathways, and the fact that so many different methods already exist suggest a bright future for the discovery of a method that can be beneficial to humans. Unde rstanding how the hippocampus functions is essential to understanding how psychological diseases affect memory, and this procedure has the potential to be a type of treatment. This study demonstrates how unreliable memories are, and how the complete manipulation of one can be accomplished simply by activating a specific neuronal population. Introduction: A major goal in neuroscience is to noninvasively, safely, and precisely be able to control specific neuronal populations. ThisShow MoreRelatedDo Glial Cells Make You Clever?1500 Words   |  6 Pagestransplanted into mice, significantly enhanced learning behaviour, spatial learning, memory and discrimination; Han, et al, 2012 showed that activation of cannabinoid receptors on astroglia had a negative effect on spatial working memory (SWM) leading to long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus in response to exogenous cannabinoids, contributing to t marijuana’s effect on memory more than neurons; Lee, et al., 2014 demonstrated that normal information processing and cognitiveRead MoreSleep : Memory And Memory1694 Words   |  7 PagesEnhances Memory When the brain first encounters an idea, thought, image, experience, or action it works to form or encode a memory. There are many different kinds of memories that can be formed. Each must be consolidated in order to remain a stable memory. All five stages of sleep support some phase of learning and memory (Poe, Walsh, Bjorness, 2010). 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Tourism Transport and Development for Destination- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theTourism Transport and Development for Destination Success. Answer: Transportation link to Tourism and Destination success Transportation is regarded as an important part of the Tourism industry. Transportation connects the tourists with the other tourist destinations. In many parts of the world, the tourism is not up to the mark when compared to the countrys natural heritage(Murphy, 2013). One of the main reasons behind this decline is that the poor growth of the development of tourism. Transportation, which is needed for the promotion of tourism and development is the maintenance of the roads, construction of more air transportations, rail tracks and roads. The proper construction of local airports and operations of local flight are also needed to be done properly. Tourism sector can grow bigger, if more betterment could be done to the transportation system (Murphy, 2013). In the sphere of economic system, tourism sector is considered important. In this respect, it is impossible to think the development of tourism without the proper transportation sectors. Whether role played by transportation is enriching the sector of tourism ultimately depends upon the efficiency of transportation (Cooper, 2013). Transportation can transform into an important attraction for tourists such as cruising, low cost flights, trips on boats and so forth. These are the major examples for the attractions of tourists for the several destinations, which gives tourists the comfort, security, benefits and competition (Hall Page, 2012). The important forms of transportation in Singapore are Air transportation, which is an important form of transportation and it is increasing every day. Sea transportation is another means of transportation in Singapore, which provides tourists with the travel opportunities. These are the important means of transportation for tourism in Singapore (Duval, 2013). The Singapores services of bus and the availability of MRT and LRT trains are available for the particular duration The primary aspect for the tourist destination is the environment, cleanliness, unique appearances and beauty which are the main components of the places environment and each of them is important for creating the perfect appearances. In Singapore, in order to make a successful destination, the transportation plays a vital role, which carries tourists to their wishful destinations. It is being an important form of tourism by providing connections both internationally and domestically (Duval, 2013). The location, efficiency and connectivity of transport plays an important role while providing connection to the destination, which develops. At the same time, the increasing number of travelers creates a number of challenges in the context of infrastructure of transports and inters operability of the technologies with the providers of tourism services. As the nature of tourism developing gradually, it is leaving an impact on the types of destinations and the activities are linked to more t ravels. The system of transportation and services are the heart for the attraction of tourists. The companies such as travel management especially in the sector of travel are trying to put forward the smart travels in order to patch up with the sustainability and the satisfaction of customers. This concept incorporates the promotion solutions through video conferencing or decreasing the levels of the stress of traveling. Reducing Impact of tourism transport on environment In Singapore, the transport by the means of air, road is on rise in response to the increasing number that reported that the worldwide passengers rose to more than 88 million. On this increasing of tourism is also leaving a deep impact on the air transport and water transport. The tourism is accounted for 60% of the population of air travel, which is responsible for the share of the emissions in air (Buckley, 2012). Mainly the air pollution from the transportation of tourists are leaving an impact on the global sites, leading to the increase of global warming. Noise pollution from the different transport system such as vehicles, jet skies are the problems for the modern life as well. This in turn leads to the stress out of annoyance and the loss of hearing of the humans (Newsome, Moore Dowling, 2012). Therefore, by keeping these important issues in mind, it is important to take into account the important aspects, which are needed to reduce the pollution in the air as well as the who le in context of the impact of terrorism on the environment. The bus operators are needed to be encouraged in order to reduce the impact of the operations of bus on the quality of air, particularly inspiring the drivers to introduce a type of vehicles having the standard emissions. Measures are needed to be taken to encourage the service operators based on subsidized operators of service where the drivers are required to switch off their engines whenever they are stopped for at least 1 minute. These policies are proved to be effective in Singapore in terms of minimizing the emissions from the subsidized services (Newsome, Moore Dowling, 2012). Noise, is another form of causing trouble in the transportation system and it depends upon the using heavier vehicles for the purpose of tourism. Singapore transport provides a double glazing which can provide an alternative ventilation. In some cases, the amount of noise can be diminished by changing the characteristics of the flight and road surfaces, by removing the defects of the road surfaces. A great deal of potentiality while creating a greater quality of environments of streets which is providing the car parking. Another important step that can be taken is the Environmental auditing and transportation of tourism. It is where the environment auditing is a voluntary exercise where the operators of the tourist transport contract the services of tourism that undertakes to assess that the ways their activities affect the environment and the ways, they can reduce the impact by creating modifications to the existing practices to the business (Glasson, Therivel Chadwick, 2013). It has a stage of consideration, formulation, implementation and decision. In the consideration stage, the legislation and the capacity of the issues regarding environment are considered. In the stage of formulation, the policy of environment is developed. In the stage of implementation, both proposed activities are needed to be taken into consideration. In the decision making stage, the operations of transport are either being modified or left unchanged in pursuit of the environmental policy. Tourism Transport challenges in Singapore In the year 1965, Singapore is facing the transition towards urbanization, initially Singapore faced in terms of driving skills, infrastructure which is vital for the growth of economy (Larsen Guiver, 2013). The growth of economy gives birth to the opportunities giving access to increase the load of infrastructure, which is demanding an effective mode of transportation. If this issue is not addressed, this would further lead to the decline of economic growth. Singapore is still going through the phases of urbanization. The future of the tourism transport is gradually becoming critical. With the rise of population and the development of tourism, there would be an increase in the transport system in proportionate ways. This would give birth to the pressure on the transportation and the demand of the population. The increasing rate of transportation would include various problems such as transportation of public and development of the proper roadways for the tourism transportation. However, with the increase in population and the growth of tourism in Singapore, the various problems are being faced by the developing cities (Meng Pham, 2013). The first approach is to solve the problems of traffic with the size of roads and the inculcation of the number of lanes. However, with the growth of tourism, the increasing number of lanes cannot be accommodates with the volumes of project of traffic. The availability of the geographical locations is one of the biggest challenges. The low cost airlines are also c hanging its target market for the higher income tourists, which is as well affecting the tourism industry, specially the people who cannot afford much. At the same time, the continuous rise of fuel also would impact on the demand for the tourism sector in Singapore (Meng Pham, 2013). In order to address these issues, Singapore needs to think of arranging some local summits between the eminent hotels, restaurants, the components of tourism such as cities. Singapore is looking forward to meet these challenges arising in the transportation system. Singapore is managing the pollution made by the cars and the demands for the usages of roads in terms of visiting local sites in Singapore is being done through the implementation of the various types of schemes such as Electronic pricing of road, Quota system of vehicle and the certificate of entitlement. Since the proper implementation of Vehicle Quota System (VQS), the growth of the population caused by the road vehicles was reduced to 3% since the year 2009 (Teo Chang, 2012). Singapore in the year 2013, has introduced transport system on water which is limited to the along the river of Singapore known as River taxi. The river Taxi do not causes pollution much and it is quite healthier for the environment. To meet the demand of the growth of tourism in Singapore, the Tourist pass of Singapore offers an unlimited passes to tourist on the public transport to Singapore. Singapore is also thinking about increasing the low cost airlines, which would meet the demands of the tourist and can fly to Singapore at a cheaper rate (Teo Chang, 2012).b References Buckley, R. (2012). Sustainable tourism: Research and reality.Annals of Tourism Research,39(2), 528-546. Cooper, C. (2013).Essentials of tourism. Pearson Higher Ed. Duval, D. T. (2013). Critical issues in air transport and tourism.Tourism Geographies,15(3), 494-510. Glasson, J., Therivel, R., Chadwick, A. (2013).Introduction to environmental impact assessment. Routledge. Hall, C. M., Page, S. (2012).Tourism in south and southeast Asia. Routledge. Larsen, G. R., Guiver, J. W. (2013). Understanding tourists perceptions of distance: a key to reducing the environmental impacts of tourism mobility.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,21(7), 968-981. Meng, X., Siriwardana, M., Pham, T. (2013). A CGE assessment of Singapore's tourism policies.Tourism Management,34, 25-36. Murphy, P. E. (2013).Tourism: A community approach (RLE Tourism). Routledge. Newsome, D., Moore, S. A., Dowling, R. K. (2012).Natural area tourism: Ecology, impacts and management (Vol. 58). Channel view publications. Teo, P., Chang, T. C. (2012). Singapore: tourism development in.Tourism in south and southeast Asia, 117.

Thesis Chapter free essay sample

The call center industry is considered as one of the newest blooming industry in the Philippines, earning around US$I billion in 2005 alone. Although there has been a worldwide recession during the start of their industry, they have managed to grow notably and make a name. Presently, it has provided employment for 96,000 Filipinos. In fact, the Philippines is now considered the call center capital of the world (DOST- COT, 2012). Call center employees are required to display patience and empathy in dealing with their customers demands thus, employees who can manage their motions more effectively is much likely to perform better (Hang, Chance, Lam Nan, 2010). This type of Job requires telephone contact with the public and call center employees are expected to provide or perform emotional labor (Household; as cited in Deere, Iverson, Walsh 2002). They are expected to convey emotions based on what the organization expects from them and these emotions were intended to create the desired reaction from the customer. We will write a custom essay sample on Thesis Chapter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Erickson and Wharton (as cited in Deere, Iverson Walsh, 2002) stated that the employees are expected to appear happy, nice and glad to be able to serve the customer even if they are experiencing negative emotions at the moment. The key feature of this type of work is conveying the emotions that were specified by the organization together with the rules of employment. Household (as cited in Deere, Iverson, Walsh 2002) claimed that the most probable outcome of performing emotional labor is Job-related burnout. The psychological health is crucial for good Job performance; however, it is often neglected in the call center industry both by employers and employee. Job reference is conceptualized as the level wherein an individual does ones role with consideration to the organizations standards (Knavery, as cited in Mishear Anaphora, 2010). Excessive Job demands and continuous hassles may result in a chronic state of physical and emotional depletion or the experience of emotional exhaustion. Emotional exhaustion is the core component of burnout and it has significant implications with the quality of ones work life and to the optimal functioning of an organization (Sahara, 1997; Shirrs, as cited in Byrne, Cropland, and Molder, n. D. ). The nature of call center Jobs which involves spending all day on the phone, dealing with people one after another is the primary source of stress to the employees because the nature of the Job is difficult (Iraqi Sure, 2008). Aside from the emotional exhaustion experienced by employees, this study also covers three possible factors, which might predict Job performance: emotional intelligence, civil status and Job ratification. Salvoes and Mayer (1990) provided definitions of emotional intelligence (E) : as the ability to perceive accurately, appraise, and express emotion; the ability to access and/or generate feelings when hey facilitate thought; the ability to understand emotion and emotional knowledge; and the ability to regulate emotions to promote emotional and intellectual growth. E able to manage their emotions so that they can be able to display the emotions desired by the organization (Hurt Moon, 2011). The variable civil status in this study refers specifically on the marital aspect of the individual; married or single. The last possible predictor of Job performance is ratification. Ratification refers to the repetition of the tasks performed in the Job which will be represented by customer purp ort representatives and technical support representatives. Call center agents within Metro Manila are asked to take part in the study. The participants are divided with equal representation for civil status and ratification of their Job. There are a total of 320 participants. Non-discriminative snowball sampling is used in selecting the participants. Three scales are utilized, each scale measures one construct, the variables measured are: emotional intelligence, emotional exhaustion, and Job performance. Statement of the Problem This proposed study determines the possible predictors of Job performance and the editing role of emotional exhaustion. Specifically, the study intends to answer the following questions: 1. Do the following significantly predict Job performance? Emotional intelligence b. Civil status c. ratification 2. Does emotional exhaustion mediate the relationship between Job performance and the following: a. Emotional intelligence Review of Related Literature The review of related literature focuses on studies which discuss the relationship of each predictor variables to Job performance. Each variable is defined and this section also includes results and discussions from previous studies that are erectly and/or closely related to the study. However, there is limited literature available on the relationship between the variable ratification and Job performance. Also, studies on the relationship of emotional intelligence to Job performance show inconsistent results. Job Performance Knavery (as cited in Mishear Anaphora, 2010) conceptualized Job performance as the level in which an individual performs ones role in consideration of certain standards set by the organization. It is the combined value of the discrete behavioral episodes that is performed by the individual for the organization over a standard interval of time (Motility, Barman, Schmitt, as cited in Sahara Regenerated, 2011) and is divided into two dimensions. The first dimension, task performance, refers to behaviors that are directly linked with Job completion and it consists of carrying out technical processes and maintenance and servicing of technical requirements. The second dimension is contextual performance; this dimension pertains to an individuals interpersonal behaviors or actions that benefit the organization. This dimension comprises different activities like helping and volunteering to carry out tasks (Motility et al. As cited in Sahara Regenerated, 2011). These dimensions lead to raising awareness about what contributes to an individuals overall performance in the workplace. Emotional Exhaustion Emotional exhaustion is a chronic state of physical and emotional depletion which results from excessive Job demands and continuous hassles (Shirrs, as cited in Byrne, Cropland, and Molder, n. ; Sahara; as cited in Wright and Cropland, 1998). It is a significant topic of interest for organizational researchers because it has important implications for the quality of work life and for optimal organizational injunction. Emotional exhaustion is one of the three components of burnout, a psychological response to work-related stress. The two other components are diversification and reduced personal accomplishment (Mascara, Schaeffer, Letter, as cited in Deere, Iverson, Walsh, 2002). Focusing on emotional exhaustion, even if it is Just one part of the three-component conceptualization of burnout, can be Justified by two issues. First issue is that, although past research about burnout was dominated by the three-component conceptualization as it elates to measurement of burnout, other researchers have questioned Machs three component conceptualization and other conceptualizations were proposed for the processes underlying burnout (Demerit, Beaker, Machinery, Schaeffer; Pines, Aarons, Carry; Shirrs, as cited in Byrne, Cropland Molder, n. D. Hellbender; as cited in Demerit Moister, 2010) and the second issue is that, even though the alternative conceptualizations vary in different ways, all of them included emotional exhaustion as a primary component of burnout (Hellbender, 2007). This suggests that emotional exhaustion is indeed central to the experience of burnout because it is the most consistent with its relationships with outside variables such as commitmen t and Job satisfaction (Corded Doughtier; Demerit; Green, Walked, Taylor; Lee Seaports; Hellbender; as cited in Wright Cropland, 1998). Although the three components are important, a growing number consensus based on previous research has concluded that emotional exhaustion is the key dimension of burnout (Corded Doughtier, as cited in Wright Cropland, 1998). According to Shirrs (as cited in Byrne, Cropland, Molder, n. D. ), the core meaning of burnout can be best found in the physical and psychological depletion that characterizes emotional exhaustion. He further noted that defining burnout as emotional exhaustion will help distinguish it from other social science concepts. Wright and Cropland (1998) focused on emotional exhaustion derived from the Conservation of Resources (CORE) theory that provided particular valuable insights on prolonged emotional exhaustion. The framework stated that emotional exhaustion is most likely to manifest if an individual experienced an actual resource loss, or a perceived threat of resource loss or if the individual had been in a situation where ones resources were inadequate to meet work demands, or when in a situation in which the return of an investment of resources were not obtained (Hobble, 1988 as cited in Wright Cropland, 1998). In a one-year longitudinal study conducted by Wright and Cropland (1998), and Job performance to emotional exhaustion. Wright asked social welfare workers employed by a large city on the West Coast of the United States (N = 64) to participate n the study by meaner of a direct contact procedure. The actual sample included 52 employees, representing a response rate of 81%. The mean age for this mostly male (69%) sample was 42 years; the mean tenure was 13 years. Emotional exhaustion was measured with Mascara and Jacksons (1986) nine-item emotional exhaustion scale (Mascara Burnout Inventory). This nine-item scale measured how often one feels emotionally overextended and exhausted by ones work. Results showed that emotional exhaustion was unrelated to Job satisfaction, it was associated with both performance and subsequent turnover. Multiple regression analysis further demonstrated that emotional exhaustion predicted both turnover and Job performance, even after negative affectively and positive affectively were controlled. Call center employees experienced high levels of emotional pressure and work- related strain, which caused poor performance as well as high turnover (Highs; Vary; Rose Wright; as cited in Hang, 2010). Emotional Intelligence The concept of emotional intelligence originated from Thorniness (1920) concept of social intelligence. Salvoes and Mayer (1990) provided definitions of emotional intelligence: as ones capability to clearly convey emotions, the ability to make sense of what one feels when processing a thought, the ability to comprehend and interpret emotion and emotional knowledge, and lastly, the ability to manage emotions in a way that enhances ones emotional and intellectual growth. There are two constructs of emotional intelligence (E): trait emotional intelligence and ability emotional intelligence (Peptides, Burnham Manville, 2007). Trait emotional intelligence which can also be called trait emotional self-efficacy focused on the motion -related dispositions and self-perceptions which are measured using self- report while the second construct, that is ability emotional intelligence or the cognitive-emotional ability focused on the emotion-related cognitive abilities which can be measured through maximum-performance tests. Trait El and ability El are different in terms of measurement and conceptualization because Trait El is measured using self-reports while ability El is performance-based and for their differences in conceptualization, Trait El is based on personality trait while ability El is based on the cognitive ability (Peptides et al, 2007). Emotional Intelligence on Job Performance According to Munchkins (as cited in Barbet, Barterer, See, 2004), there is a lack of literature on organizational behavior that focuses on the emotional aspect because people often see emotion as the complete opposite of logic. In line with this rising interest in emotions, studies have been conducted in which the role of emotional intelligence in individuals and organizational performance has been demonstrated (Bar-on; Coleman; as cited in Moon Hurt, 2011). Coleman (as cited in Moon Hurt, 2011) defined emotional intelligence as a competency of managing oneself and ones relationships with others, making effective teamwork, leading others, and forecasting the future, all of which had positive effects in terms of efficacy and Job performance. Emotional intelligence is important for employees because it is essential for them to be able to manage their emotions so they may be Individuals who are emotionally intelligent cope better with lifes challenges and job stresses, and therefore are psychologically and physically healthy. It was also suggested that emotional intelligence aids individuals in managing Job stress and remotes adaptability to challenging environments so that distress or burnout are avoided (Bar-on, as cited in Moon Hurt, 2011). Contrary to the previous studies mentioned, a study conducted by Gray (2010) showed that there was no statistically significant relationship between emotional intelligence and Job performance. The sample consisted of 268 call center (45 leaders and 223 raters) across different age and race groups. All of the participants completed the 3600 Emotional Competency Profiler (ESP.) in order to measure emotional intelligence whereas the Job performance data were obtained from the management team and an average score of their performance over a one-year period was examined. Civil Status on Job Performance The role of civil status on Job performance is still in need of more studies that will focus entirely on the relationship of the two. However, there are studies that are related to civil status and Job performance that offers different perspectives on how job performance varies depending on civil status. Johnston and Keeled (as cited in Russell Rush) 1987 said that married individuals may be perceived more favorably than singles because marriage is received with high value, a desired characteristic and as an important state for the development of an individual. Russell and Rush (1987) asked 160 male and female undergraduates to provide performance evaluations and attributions for a poor- performing stimulus employee depicted as male or female, either single or married. Results showed no significant difference between the evaluation of the males and females. However, when it comes to civil status, it shows that married mothers were evaluated most favorably while single females were least favorably evaluated. Their endings were interpreted through the societal values individuals have regarding employment and civil status. Being employed is positively evaluated because individuals perceive it as a factor that contributes to an individuals sense of life satisfaction and positive mental health. Ratification The forms of service that call center employees provide may vary from providing inbound or outbound services and the management practices of the call center companies (Bait; Wood, Holman Stride; as cited in Hang et al. 2010). Majority of the work they provide is characterized by high degrees of ratification and employee control (Knights McCabe; Taylor Pain; Franken, Corrosions, Shire Tam; Holman Fernier; Taylor, Baldly, Pain Ellis; as cited in Hang et al. , 2010). The repetitive nature of the tasks performed in call centers is a distinctive feature of the Job (Jennie, Hutchison, Purcell; Taylor Pain; as cited in Deere et al. 2002) which led to the expectation that employees in cal l centers will have higher level of emotional exhaustion due to its lacking of task variety and routinely nature (Wharton, as cited in Deere et al. , 2002). Emotional Intelligence, Emotional Exhaustion and Job Performance particularly relevant to work behavior in call centers, because abilities to manage relationships and to show empathy and social sensibility when needed are the prerequisites for good performance in the call center workplace. Employees who are high in Emotional Intelligence (E) have lower risk of experiencing emotional exhaustion and burnout. The reason behind this is that, employees high in El have better interpersonal skills and are more able to tolerate emotional pressure which implies that employees high in El will probably exhibit higher performance at work. Based on a study conducted by Highs (2004), El was positively related to individual performance. The data were collected from 289 call center employees in the I-J. In addition, Van Roy and Visceral (2004, as cited in Hang et al. , 2010) proposed that emotional intelligence should be a predictor of burnout (p. 87) which in turn may influence the work performance of employees. Hang et al. (2010) hypothesized that in call centers, burnout may be an intermediate variable that mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and work performance. They examined the Joint effect of leader-member exchange ELM) and emotional intelligence (E) on burnout and work performance. Results based on data collected from 493 leader-member dyads in the call center of a large Chinese telecommunication company indicated that ELM was negatively related to burnout, in which the variable emotional exhaustion is a component, and was not significantly related to objective work performance. Furthermore, the effects of the four dimensions of El (self emotion appraisal, other-emotion appraisal, use of emotion, and regulation of emotion) on burnout and performance was examined and found that burnout mediated the link between use of emotion and work reference. (Hang, et. Al , 2010) A study conducted by Moon and Hurt (2011) examined how emotional intelligence (E) affects emotional exhaustion (burnout) resulting from emotional labor, and how emotional exhaustion influences an individuals Job performance in terms of organizational commitment and Job satisfaction. The participants include retail sales employees who had worked at major department stores (Lotto, Shingle, and Kayaking) in South Korea for at least one year. They were asked to complete a self-administered survey. Results showed that the three factors of emotional intelligence appraisal of motions, optimism, and social skills were negatively associated with emotional exhaustion, which was also negatively related to Job performance. In addition, the mediating effect of emotional exhaustion was confirmed in the relationship between job performance and appraisals of emotions, optimism, and social skills as factors in emotional intelligence. The literature discussed in this chapter presents observed relationships between the variables and Job performance, and the mediating role of emotional exhaustion. Researches stated that emotional exhaustion being the core component of burnout an lead to deterioration of ones Job performance. In previous studies, researchers also pointed out that emotional intelligence has an existing role on a persons individual and organizational performance. Likewise, civil status affects Job performance of individuals. However, the results of the studies about civil status and job performance are not consistent whether married people or those who are single The diagram shows the predictor variables, emotional intelligence, civil status and ratification, the possible mediating variable; emotional exhaustion, and the criterion variable; Job performance. The solid lines indicate relationships between variables that are supported by literature. The broken lines indicate that no related literature shows the relationship between the two variables. The diagram shows the predictor variables, emotional intelligence, civil status and ratification, the possible mediating variable; emotional exhaustion, and the criterion variable; Job performance. The solid lines indicate relationships between variables that are supported by literature. The broken lines indicate that no related literature shows the relationship between the two variables. Figure 1 . The variables emotional intelligence, civil status and ratification are predictors of Job performance among call center agents in Metro Manila with emotional exhaustion as a mediating variable. The predictor variables are emotional intelligence, civil status and ratification. Emotional intelligence is ones capability to clearly convey emotions, the ability to make sense of what one feels when processing a thought, the ability to comprehend and interpret emotion and emotional knowledge, and lastly, the ability to manage emotions in a way that it enhances ones emotional and intellectual growth (Mayer amp; Salvoes, 1990). In this study, civil status pertains to individuals who are married or single by law. Ratification encompasses how patterned and monotonous the nature of an employees work is. It pertains to the nature of work that the individual is engaged in, which may vary depending on whether the call center agent is a customer support representative or technical support representative. The criterion variable is Job performance, which is the level wherein an individual does ones role with consideration to the organizations standards (Knavery, as cited in Mishear and Anaphora, 2010). The predictor variables and the criterion variables are mediated by emotional exhaustion which is defined as a chronic state of physical and emotional depletion which results from excessive Job demands and continuous hassles (Shirrs, as cited in Byrne, Cropland, and Molder, n. D; Sahara; as cited in Wright and Cropland, 1998). Hypotheses 1. The following variables significantly predict Job performance a. Emotional intelligence 2. Emotional exhaustion mediates the relationship between Job performance and emotional intelligence, civil status, ratification.

The eNotes Blog Teachers Who Tweet 50 Educators You ShouldFollow

Teachers Who Tweet 50 Educators You ShouldFollow Its no surprise that Twitter, inarguably  one of the most popular social platforms, has more than tweens and hip brands (like us, of course!) tweeting tidbits  into the universe. Teachers, professors, and other types of educators use this platform to bring academia into the 21st Century, share ideas, and intellectually influence their followers. Weve put together a list of the top tweetin educators on the basis of high Klout scores, content, and engagement. Whether they are discussing revolutionary  edtech techniques, intersectional feminism, or race relations we think they are awesome and you should too!  Simply click on their names to follow them individually, or check out this handy Twitter list. Anyone we should add? Let us know in the comments! 1.  Lawrence  Lessig | @lessig Professor of Law at Harvard Law School 2. Marc Lamont Hill | @marclamonthill Professor of African American Studies at Morehouse College   3. Alec Couros | @courosa Professor of Media at  University of Regina 4. Don Wettrick | @DonWettrick Innovation Coordinator at Noblesville High School 5. Carrie Brown | @Brizzyc Social Journalism Director at CUNY 6. Tom Whitby | @tomwhitby Retired Educator and Active EdTech Blogger and Speaker 7. Shannon Miller | @shannonmiller Teacher Librarian and Educational Consultant 8. Joy Mayer | @mayerjoy Associate Professor at the Missouri School of Journalism 9. Lyndsay Kirkham | @HisFeministMama College Professor in Ontario 10. Kevin Jarrett | @kjarrett Certified K-4 Tech/STEM Teacher   11. Blair LM Kelley | @profblmkelley Associate Professor of History at North Carolina State University  and  Assistant Dean of Interdisciplinary Studies and International Programs 12. Oliver Schinkten | @schink10 Educator at Lynda.com 13. Cindy Royal | @CindyRoyal Associate Professor in the School of Journalism and Mass Communication, Texas State University 14.   Wang Ping | @wangjingping English Professor at Macalester College 15. A.J. Hoge | @ajhoge Owner of Effortless English, LLC   16. AJ Juliani | @ajjuliani Education and Technology Innovation Specialist 17. Laura K. Lawless | @lkl Writer and Editor of French Learning Site, Lawless French 18. Karen Austin | @TheGenAboveMe Adjunct Professor at Wichita State University 19.   Thema Bryant-Davis | @drthema Associate Professor at Pepperdine University 20. Kathy E Gill | @kegill Professor at University of Washington   21. C.W.  Anderson | @Chanders Associate Professor at  College of Staten Island 22. Kenna Griffin | @profkrg Mass Communication Professor at Oklahoma City University   23. Eric Mazur | @eric_mazur Physicist and Educator at Harvard University 24. Yong Zhao | @YongZhaoUO Director of Institute of Global and Online Education at University of Oregon 25. James K.A. Smith | @james_ka_smith Professor of Philosophy at Calvin College 26.   Nancy Rubin | @nancyrubin Executive Director Columbia Video Network at Columbia University 27. Erin Olsen | @eolsonteacher Instructional Technology Consultant 28. Tami Brass | @brasst Director of Instructional Technology at St. Paul Academy and Summit School 29. Dave Batstone | @DaveBatstone Professor at University of San Francisco 30. Jon Becker | @jonbecker Director, Learning Innovation Online Academic Programs at Virginia Commonwealth University 31.   Diane Main | @Dowbiggin Director of Learning Innovation Design at The Harker School 32.   Peter Ubertaccio | @ProfessorU Associate Dean for Interdisciplinary Programs and Director of the Joseph Martin Institute at Stonehill College 33. Karen Russell | @karenrussell Professor at the University of Georgia 34. Brandon David Wilson | @Geniusbastard English Teacher and Filmmaker 35.   Michelle Baldwin | @michellek107 Lead Teacher at Anastasis Academy 36. Diana Laufenberg | @dlaufenberg SLA Teacher and Consultant 37. Cindy Minnich | @CBethM High School English Teacher  and Certified School Librarian 38. Ben Kuhlman | @bkuhl2you Middle School Teacher (literacy, social studies, and science) 39. Holly Tucker | @history_geek Professor in the Department of French Italian and in the Center for Biomedical Ethics Society 40. Julie D. Ramsay | @JulieDRamsay Author and 6th Grade Teacher 41.   Ben Owens | @engineerteacher High School Physics and Mathematics Teacher 42. Alice Daer | @alicedaer English Professor at Arizona State University 43. Shawn Ram | @shawnrram Teacher (Special Education Grades 1-4) at  Brightbank Academy 44. Chris Aviles | @TechedUpTeacher Ed Tech Coach for  Fair Haven School District 45. Pernille Ripp | @pernilletipp 7th Grade Teacher and Creator of the Global Read Aloud Project 46. Lyn Hilt | @lynhilt Elementary Instructional Tech Integrator and Coach   47. Vicki Davis | @coolcatteacher Teacher/Technology Administrator and EdTech Consultant 48. Josh Stumpenhorst | @stumpteacher 6th grade Language Arts and Social Science Teacher 49. Patrick Larkin | @patrickmlarkin Assistant Superintendent for Learning in Burlington Public Schools 50. Steven W. Anderson | @web2classroom Former Classroom Teacher and Director of Instructional Technology, Current Speaker

Immunizations are safe for children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Immunizations are safe for children - Essay Example Going by the first definition of safety, there is no immunization that is safe. According to Baggs, Gee, Lewis et al. (2011), in vaccines are generally safe and effective even though they may be associated with rare and long term adverse effects. Apart from these potential long term effects, a majority of them cause pain, tenderness or even redness during injection. For instant the pertussis (or whooping cough) vaccine can cause persistent, inconsolable crying, high fever or seizures connected to fever. Though some of these side effects can be severe, they are not permanent (Offit 2013). In real sense, no activity in this world is 100 percent safe, and most of the things considered safe do possess hidden danger. For instance in the United States, 350 people die from shower or bathroom related accidents, 200 people get killed due to food getting stuck in the wind pipe and 100 people die due to lightening strikes every year (Offit 2013). Despite these risks, very few people consider taking a bath, eating food or walking outside in the rain as dangerous activities (Offit 2013). The other definition of safety is hinged upon preserving from real danger. Going by this definition, the danger (infection or disease) is leads to a graver consequence as compared to the protective measure (vaccine) against the danger. In other words, the benefits of having an immunization are clearly greater than the risks of not having one (Offit 2013). Baggs, Gee, Lewis et al. (2011) note that the safety of vaccines is assured by the rigorous assessments they are subjected to during their pre -licensing clinical trials. To better examine the safety of immunization for children, benefits of immunization must be looked into. One of the best ways to protect children is through immunization as this has the ability to protect their lives against ailments that are associated

Impact of Social Media in International Marketing Research Paper

Impact of Social Media in International Marketing - Research Paper Example This essay declares that the emergence of the social media has had a powerful impact on enterprises. In the coming years, social media has the potential to change the landscape of the business environment and the way organizations conduct their business operations. Companies will have to alter the way they conduct business in order to fully take advantage of the opportunities presented by the emergence of social media. Companies that quickly understand the changes brought about by social media on customer value and customer engagement will be in a good position to realize optimum benefits from the use of social media. This paper stresses that the emergence of new technologies, such as the worldwide web, mobile devices and digital television has created a number of opportunities for businesses to produce and market innovative goods and services. It has also helped customers to get increased value for their money. Traditional marketing approaches limit the number of customers a company can reach to hundreds, thousands or even tens of thousands. These marketing techniques also require a lot of time, effort and cost. In sharp contrast, a business today through the use of computers and the Internet can reach millions of customers with minimal effort and cost. China has gone beyond the United States in terms of the leading country that has the maximum number of Internet users. Asia Pacific will have more than 500 million of the Internet population. In terms of the world Internet population, the percentage of users in the Latin American and South Pacific regions will increase and that of North America an d Europe will decrease even though the actual numbers will continue to increase (Luukka). Social media allows

Mexican American Essay Example for Free

Mexican American Essay ?Even though we as a society live in a more liberal world as compared to life in eighteenth century or even nineteenth century, there are still people who separate themselves from people of different race, age, sex, religion because perhaps they do not handle change well. People all across their world at one point in their life time can have directly or indirectly experienced stereotypes, racism, and or discrimination. Most likely their race or ethnicity was the basis of why the experienced happened. The concept of race and ethnicity has to be established first among people to get a better understanding of the people they interact with on a daily basis. Race is a concept that is dividing people into groups or populations based on their genetic or biological appearance. A factor that people most associate this with is skin color. Then there is the concept of ethnicity that is more complicated for people to completely understand. Ethnicity is a population in which people identify themselves with by shared culture and history. This will help a person understand why people identify themselves with Mexican, Latino, Cherokee, American, German, and even African American. Personally I have dealt with and experienced stereotypes, racism, and discrimination based on my race. Stereotypes are beliefs and assumptions that are associated with individuals based on their sex, religion, race, or age that may not accurately reflect reality. Some of the stereotypes that I have come across are all Mexicans speak Spanish, all Mexicans are here illegally, illiterate, and have families of ten or more. Those are just a few stereotypes that some of my white and Asian friends have told me that quite offended me. In fact not all Mexicans speak Spanish and even though I am bilingual don’t mean people should automatically assume that every Mexican they come across will know Spanish because sometimes it is based on whether or not they learned from their parents growing up or in school. Then the part where some have said that all Mexicans are here illegally is far from being completely true. I was born here in good ole Lubbock, Texas. Yes, my mom is from Durango which is a city in Mexico but after coming here to the United States at age fourteen she became a U. S. citizen to be able to work and support her family in Mexico. There are in fact some people here illegally but that should not be reflected onto those who were born in the U. S. Not all Mexicans are illiterate because what person would not have trouble trying to read or write in another language that is not their primary language. That means that they have to take time and learn to read, write, and speak English, just like any other foreigner coming from another country. Also to address the stereotype that Mexicans have families of ten or more is not accurate. It is in the culture to have big families because sometimes it has to do with the common religion amongst Mexicans is catholic and therefore birth control is something that is frowned upon and even a sin in that religion. But usually having big families is a choice between the husband and wife; it’s not just something that is instilled within every Mexican to want big families. Moreover, racism and discrimination sort of go hand in hand with one another. Racism is when a belief that all members of a race are inferior or superior to another race. Discrimination is treatment and judgment towards a group of people based on class, age, sex, and race that they are in favor for or against. Discrimination is one I had to deal with on my first time applying for a job once I turned seventeen. I was living in Alice, Texas for the summer and I applied to a small fast food restaurant. I spoke to the manager who happens to be an older white woman on the phone about positions that were open for hire and she was more than willing to speak to me in person. I walk into the restaurant on the set date to meet and she was surprised when I told her, â€Å"Hi, my name is Addy; I am the person you spoke to on the phone about jobs†. She then quickly said, â€Å"Were fully staffed now, I am sorry† and walked off through the double doors to the kitchen. I was so upset because I knew it had to do with me being Mexican because I took a look around the restaurant and all the waitresses, cashier, and cooks were white. My dad and I had a long talk of his experiences through his life in regards of discrimination. He is going to be seventy-two this November and it is sad to know that through all those years discrimination has not disappeared. Also racism is something I currently deal with at my job at Covenant usually amongst the older generation. My position at the hospital is a phlebotomist and it typically is racist comments or even as straight forward as them saying, â€Å"Can I have Chance, the white guy? † instead of me to draw their blood. I have got to the point where it does not faze me much at work because I know I need to keep my composure and stay professional in a situation like that. Therefore, people of all ages, gender, and race have had an experience where stereotyping, racism, and discrimination were involved. Whether it was directly happening to them or indirectly where they have witnessed it happening to someone else, it still has affected their life in some way. It is how a person handles the situation that makes all the difference. Maybe one day in the near future people will be more accepting of change and differences amongst everyone that diminishes stereotypes, racism, and discrimination.

Lees Philosophy To Kill A Mock :: essays research papers

Nelle Harper Lee’s Philosophy on the Proper Treatment of Human Beings in To Kill A Mockingbird   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The 1930’s were a time in which blacks faced many hardships. It was a time in which the Ku Klux Klan had its peak. However, most importantly, it was the time when Nelle Harper Lee, the writer of To Kill A Mockingbird, was being raised. She was raised in a world where “niggers'; were the bottom class in one of the most powerful countries in the world. She was also being raised during the Great Depression, a time when the attacks on blacks were intensified, as they were the scapegoats of the immense downfall of the US economy. However, she was only a small, innocent child who believed in equality for all. Thus, Harper Lee expressed her disapproval over the treatment of blacks in her Award-Winning novel, To Kill A Mockingbird, through the eyes of a fictional character called Jean Louise Finch, better known as “Scout';.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scout, the main character in the story, grew up in Maycomb County; a fictional town in Alabama inspired by the Monroe County, Harper Lee’s hometown. Scout’s father, Atticus Finch, was a defense attorney during the Great Depression. Just like everyone in Maycomb County, his economic conditions were very poor. Judge Taylor assigns him the task of defending Tom Robinson, a married black man accused of raping the eldest daughter of Bob Ewell, the head of a family that “…had been the disgrace of Maycomb for three generations.'; As the story progresses, Scout slowly becomes introduced into the world of hatred, unfairness, and racism that the 1930’s exposed. Nevertheless, since Scout still had both her innocence and naivete, due to her premature age, she completely expressed total disapproval towards the treatment of blacks during the time of her childhood. The author portrays this disapproval through Dill and Jem, Scout’s friend, and Scout’s brother, respectively, as shown here by Dill, “‘I don’t care one speck. It ain’t right to do ‘em that way. Hasn’t anybody got any business talkin’ like that—it just makes me sick.’'; Various characters’ reactions to the verdict emphasize Lee’s feelings toward racial injustice. During the Tom Robinson trial, Atticus could not have portrayed his evidence in a more professional and convincing manner. Unfortunately, Tom Robinson was found guilty by the jury and was sentenced to death. Atticus’s son, Jem, expresses his rejection to the unfair treatment of blacks by stating, “‘How could they do it, how could they? Lees Philosophy To Kill A Mock :: essays research papers Nelle Harper Lee’s Philosophy on the Proper Treatment of Human Beings in To Kill A Mockingbird   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The 1930’s were a time in which blacks faced many hardships. It was a time in which the Ku Klux Klan had its peak. However, most importantly, it was the time when Nelle Harper Lee, the writer of To Kill A Mockingbird, was being raised. She was raised in a world where “niggers'; were the bottom class in one of the most powerful countries in the world. She was also being raised during the Great Depression, a time when the attacks on blacks were intensified, as they were the scapegoats of the immense downfall of the US economy. However, she was only a small, innocent child who believed in equality for all. Thus, Harper Lee expressed her disapproval over the treatment of blacks in her Award-Winning novel, To Kill A Mockingbird, through the eyes of a fictional character called Jean Louise Finch, better known as “Scout';.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scout, the main character in the story, grew up in Maycomb County; a fictional town in Alabama inspired by the Monroe County, Harper Lee’s hometown. Scout’s father, Atticus Finch, was a defense attorney during the Great Depression. Just like everyone in Maycomb County, his economic conditions were very poor. Judge Taylor assigns him the task of defending Tom Robinson, a married black man accused of raping the eldest daughter of Bob Ewell, the head of a family that “…had been the disgrace of Maycomb for three generations.'; As the story progresses, Scout slowly becomes introduced into the world of hatred, unfairness, and racism that the 1930’s exposed. Nevertheless, since Scout still had both her innocence and naivete, due to her premature age, she completely expressed total disapproval towards the treatment of blacks during the time of her childhood. The author portrays this disapproval through Dill and Jem, Scout’s friend, and Scout’s brother, respectively, as shown here by Dill, “‘I don’t care one speck. It ain’t right to do ‘em that way. Hasn’t anybody got any business talkin’ like that—it just makes me sick.’'; Various characters’ reactions to the verdict emphasize Lee’s feelings toward racial injustice. During the Tom Robinson trial, Atticus could not have portrayed his evidence in a more professional and convincing manner. Unfortunately, Tom Robinson was found guilty by the jury and was sentenced to death. Atticus’s son, Jem, expresses his rejection to the unfair treatment of blacks by stating, “‘How could they do it, how could they?

What Is Community Work

What Is Community Work? Through this essay I will try to create a greater understanding of the term ‘community work’. I will begin with a short summary from two studies which help define the term on a broad basis. I will follow this by an explanation of the various approaches which can be used in community work. I will highlight the importance the community and voluntary sector have in social partnership in Ireland today. I will also discuss how funding, or a lack of it, impacts on essential services. Whether or not volunteers are an essential part of community work.I will also discuss the possible consequence of losing some of these organisations as a result of cuts in funding. Finally by looking at the work of ‘Community Platform’ I will show how, through a shared vision they hope to create a better Ireland through their work in the community. To understand what community work is it is first necessary to understand the various definitions of community. Whi le this may seem apparent initially, upon closer inspection one will discover that there is no clear consensus.What we do know is that as Hillery, a sociologist working in the 1950s pointed out, all 94 definitions of community referred to people (Mayo 1994). Varley (1988) defines these more concisely into three categories. ?Communities defined in purely special or geographical term. ?Communities defined as relationships that occur within a specific locality. ?Communities defined as relationships which may occur within or transcend conventional geographical boundaries. Working within these categories community workers seek to empower individuals and groups of people by providing them with the skills they need to effect change in their own communities.We will look at detailed examples of this later. I will first explain my understanding of the five main strands or approaches identified by David A Thomas (1993) in his study of community work in the early 1980s: Community Action: this r equires people from a community to come together, recognising the problems that their community faces and taking action to reduce these problems. This approach can have a range of benefits. It helps those individuals involved to develop skills and claim ownership of the outcome. An example of this is when residents come together to campaign for speed bumps or lower speed limits in the area.Community Development: this requires people coming together to develop a range of practices to help improve local conditions, especially for people in disadvantaged situations. It helps people to participate in public decision making and thus achieve greater control of their circumstances. An example of this is when residents turn an area that was once used for anti-social behaviour into a playground for children. This creates a safer environment for local people. Social Planning: this is a process that is carried out through identifying strengths and weaknesses in a community.This is done by desi gning and implementing programmes, which help to improve the quality of life in that community. It usually involves the action of a political, legal, or recognized voluntary body. An example of this is when an area is identified as having a very large increase in children. This information is acted on and a new school is built in the area. Community Organisation involves various community or welfare agencies working with or without the involvement of statutory authorities, supporting joint initiatives.An example of this is when organisations connect through managing, sponsoring and improving the work of various bodies. This may be carried out at a local, regional or national level. Community Care primarily focuses on the area of healthcare for the disabled, the elderly and the very young. It is a model that encourages members of the community to be active participants in helping themselves. In some cases community care may use professionals in conjunction with volunteers. In other c ases volunteers may manage projects with little or no involvement from professionals.Now that we have an understanding of the various definitions of community and have explored the different approaches of community work, we will now look at the how this work is structured in Ireland today with the help of social partnership. Social partnership was set up in Ireland in 1987. Its membership was initially limited to the government, businesses, trade unions and farmers. Organisations representing the unemployed and those experiencing poverty and inequality protested that their members did not benefit from the agreements and so began to lobby to be included in the 1996 negotiations.It was decided in 2000, by the Fianna Fail government, that inclusion of community and voluntary organisations was the way forward. Eight organisations were successful in their efforts when they were selected by the Government to become the Community & Voluntary Pillar – the fourth social partnership pi llar. It is now made up of seventeen representative organisations. This pillar represents huge progress for marginalised people. Although it is important to remember that in order to make a sustainable difference the voice these organisations have been give, must be listened to.While in theory social partners can be involved in both policy making and implementation of such policy, it is argued ( Meade 2005) that because community and voluntary organisations lack economic clout, they have been granted only marginal influence over the substance of policy decisions. Popples theory in â€Å"Analysing community Work† (1995) states â€Å"Most practitioners are employed in one way or another by the state therefore acting with particular instructions or authority, so that they could be considered to be a subordinate branch of the dominant ‘organic’ intellectuals.Whilst on the other hand the fact that they can be at odds with the dominant ideology and are encouraging ind ividuals and groups to articulate their own discourse means that they do not fully agree with the dominant system. † While it is important that the government is involved and provides subsidises to the voluntary and community sector at a national and community level, it is also fair to say that participation by volunteers in the local community is equally important as they understand what the community requires at a grass roots level.As the Mayfield Community Development Project in Cork advocates, it is fundamental to ask the local people what they need, to encourage as much participation as possible. Cullen (1989) observes that participative community development projects counterbalance the bigness and the bureaucracy of state run welfare agencies. In other words, if the recipients of these services are involved, these agencies become less intimidating and more user-friendly. This approach empowers people to be involved in identifying and meeting their own needs.Although part icipation from volunteers in the local community is vital, problems can surface when local communities come to rely heavily on the support provided by these volunteers. An example of this occurred when an introduction of community care policies led to reductions in the provision of state sponsored residential care and thus increased the demands on already pressured carers. This issue is particularly relevant today due to the current economic climate. The government is seeking to cut their expenditure in many areas, including the community and voluntary sectors.An Bord Snip Nua’s proposed cuts in funding for community and voluntary organisations will effectively amount to a huge reduction in funding for essential public services. The proposed cut of 64% in the allocation for community and voluntary sector supports, will weaken community and voluntary organisation's capacity to deliver essential services to the most vulnerable people in society. Which raises the following quest ions, ? Is the government relying on volunteers too heavily? ? Is lack of funding going to break down the fabric of the community work network in Ireland? ? What are the potential consequences of the proposed cuts?Only in time, will we discover the true answers to these questions but for now let us look at the evidence that is available to us today. Undoubtedly the Governments reliance on volunteers within the community is very apparent. It is important to remember that very often we would not have these volunteers, without the recruitment strategies that are put in place by professionals. It is also crucial volunteers are monitored and get the support they need to carry out their work effectively. Without the funded professional element in community work, it is possible that the quality of service may be compromised.This may result in volunteers becoming over worked by carrying out the duties of the paid professionals. This can lead to volunteers being under too much pressure to ca rry out their vital work. A consequence of this may be the closure of much needed services, which will impact greatly on society in general. This may lead to a more segregated community with an increased level of problems such as anti-social behaviour and mental health issues to name just two. This is why in my opinion, it is essential to have both professional and voluntary workers in the community for a cohesive approach to the various issues.It is important at this point to examine the vital community work that may be affected by these cuts. I am using the organisation Community Platform as an example. This is an organisation which facilitates both community and voluntary organisations to come together through one voice at a national level. Publishing its pre-budget submission (2010), the Community Platform said that making the poor poorer in order to try to balance the books made absolutely no sense and would have disastrous and costly social consequences.Community platform curr ently has 29 members that work together to address poverty, social exclusion and inequality. Funding is provided to the Community Platform by the Department of Community, Rural ; Gaeltacht Affairs. The vision of the Community Platform is an Ireland that is inclusive, sustainable and equal. Working closely with all of its members it aims to develop and promote this vision through shared analysis. The following groups are just a small example of the essential services that come under the community platform umbrella: ?Age Action Ireland. Rape Crises Network Ireland. ?Simon Communities of Ireland. ?Womens Aid. ?Community Workers’ Co-operative. By looking at some of the essential services that Community Platform facilitate we can see just how important this community work is and the key services that may suffer because of these cuts. As a result of my studies I have ascertained that community work appears to be many things to many people. It can be a rewarding experience to both t he facilitator and the beneficiary. It can bring people together in the hope of improving circumstances for themselves or others.It can help people to achieve their goals for their community by coming together through one voice. It may be a carried out by a paid professional or a volunteer. Both of which have their own merit. Government support and funding are imperative to sustain the level of help that is needed in the community. However it is evident that when both professionals and volunteers work together, greater results can be achieved. Community work is essential in society to help improve living conditions. With an emphasis on improving the conditions of marginalised, vulnerable people. Bibliography